Focus
La risposta immunitaria ai vaccini
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO VACCINES
R. Bacchetta, E. Biral, M.G. Roncarolo
Giugno 2002 - pagg. 360 -368
Abstract
Immunological memory has two components (the central one and the peripheral one, which
lasts longer), two branches (cellular and seric) and three functional specialisations of the
lymphocytes: Th1, which produce IL-2 and gamma-interferon and control the cellular response;
Th2, which produce IL-4 and IL-5 and control the seric response, and T-regulating,
which produce IL-5 and control both cellular and seric response. Our knowledge of the effects
on the immunological memory and on the immumological balance of both the dosage
of immunising antigens and the age of immunisation is still incomplete.
Parole chiave
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Geginat J, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. Cytokine-
driven proliferation and differentiation
of human naive, central memory, and effector
memory CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 2001;
194:1711.
2. Mosmann TR, Sad S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today 1996;17:138.
3. O’Garra A. Cytokines induce the development of functionally heterogeneous T helper cell subsets. Immunity 1998;8:275.
4. Stavnezer J. Immunoglobulin class switching. Curr Opin Immunol 1996;8:199.
5. Tough DF, Sun S, Zhang X, Sprent J. Stimulation of naive and memory T cells by cytokines. Immunol Rev 1999;170:39.
6. Roncarolo MG, Bacchetta R, Bordignon C, et al. Type 1 T regulatory cells. Immunol Rev 2001;182:68.
7. Ramsay AJ, Kent SJ, Strugnell RA, Suhrbier A, Thomson SA, Ramshaw IA. Genetic vaccination strategies for enhanced cellular, humoral and mucosal immunity. Immunol Rev 1999;171:27.
8. Ward BJ, Griffin DE. Changes in cytokine production after measles virus vaccination: predominant production of IL-4 suggests induction of a Th2 response. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993;67:171.
9. Czerkinsky C, Anjuere F, McGhee JR, George-Chandy A, Holmgren J, Kieny MP, Fujiyashi K, Mestecky JF, Pierrefite-Carle V, Rask C, Sun JB. Mucosal immunity and tolerance: relevance to vaccine development. Immunol Rev 1999;170:197.
10. Arulanandam BP, Van Cleave VH, Metzger DW. IL-12 is a potent neonatal vaccine adjuvant. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:256.
11. Prescott SL, Macaubas C, Smallacombe T, Holt BJ, Sly PD, Holt PG. Development of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children. Lancet 1999;353:196.
12. Roncarolo MG, Vaccarino E, Saracco P, Miniero R, Madon E, Yssel H. Immunologic properties of cord blood. In: Broxmeyer H. Cellular Characteristics of Cord Blood and Cord Blood Transplantation ed. Bethesda MD: AABB Press, 1998.
13. Suen Y, Lee SM, Qian J, van de Ven C, Cairo MS. Dysregulation of lymphokine production in the neonate and its impact on neonatal cell mediated immunity. Vaccine 1998; 16:1369.
2. Mosmann TR, Sad S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today 1996;17:138.
3. O’Garra A. Cytokines induce the development of functionally heterogeneous T helper cell subsets. Immunity 1998;8:275.
4. Stavnezer J. Immunoglobulin class switching. Curr Opin Immunol 1996;8:199.
5. Tough DF, Sun S, Zhang X, Sprent J. Stimulation of naive and memory T cells by cytokines. Immunol Rev 1999;170:39.
6. Roncarolo MG, Bacchetta R, Bordignon C, et al. Type 1 T regulatory cells. Immunol Rev 2001;182:68.
7. Ramsay AJ, Kent SJ, Strugnell RA, Suhrbier A, Thomson SA, Ramshaw IA. Genetic vaccination strategies for enhanced cellular, humoral and mucosal immunity. Immunol Rev 1999;171:27.
8. Ward BJ, Griffin DE. Changes in cytokine production after measles virus vaccination: predominant production of IL-4 suggests induction of a Th2 response. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993;67:171.
9. Czerkinsky C, Anjuere F, McGhee JR, George-Chandy A, Holmgren J, Kieny MP, Fujiyashi K, Mestecky JF, Pierrefite-Carle V, Rask C, Sun JB. Mucosal immunity and tolerance: relevance to vaccine development. Immunol Rev 1999;170:197.
10. Arulanandam BP, Van Cleave VH, Metzger DW. IL-12 is a potent neonatal vaccine adjuvant. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:256.
11. Prescott SL, Macaubas C, Smallacombe T, Holt BJ, Sly PD, Holt PG. Development of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children. Lancet 1999;353:196.
12. Roncarolo MG, Vaccarino E, Saracco P, Miniero R, Madon E, Yssel H. Immunologic properties of cord blood. In: Broxmeyer H. Cellular Characteristics of Cord Blood and Cord Blood Transplantation ed. Bethesda MD: AABB Press, 1998.
13. Suen Y, Lee SM, Qian J, van de Ven C, Cairo MS. Dysregulation of lymphokine production in the neonate and its impact on neonatal cell mediated immunity. Vaccine 1998; 16:1369.