Focus
Neuroimmagini funzionali per la neurofisiologia
e la neuropatologia dello sviluppo
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGES IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPATHOLOGY
F. Panizon
Settembre 2007 - pagg. 429 -443
Abstract
he development of the cerebral cortex, mainly linked to gyration, especially in the prefrontal and visual areas, is the most distinctive phenomenon of the Homo species. From birth onwards, brain growth is mainly due to the numeric increase in the glia cells, whose ratio with the neurons goes from 1.7 at birth to 10 when the development is over, and to the growth and myelinisation of dendrites and axons (white substance). The maturation of each area occurs through an increase in the local ratio between white and grey substance.
Numerous little differences distinguish male from female brain, being the male brain characterized by a major hemispheric asymmetry, minor diameter of the corpus callosum; major size of the amygdala, minor dimensions of the hippocampus; major dimension of the striatum and minor dimensions of the caudatum. At least some of these differences are due to the effect of testosterone, which is probably also responsible for the major incidence in males of a few disorders: hyperactivity (disorder of the right pre-frontal striated area, inhibiting system at the level of the base ganglions and cerebellum), dyslexia (Wernickes area) and autism (microstructural anomalies in rhomebencephalon, mesencephalon and in cerebellum, but also in the hemispheric cortex).
Morpho-functional alterations can be observed in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and in the compulsive obsessive disorder. Dorsolateral-frontal and prefrontal perfusion and metabolic defects, as well as an increase in the size of the hypophysis, can be observed in depression. A similar increase occurs also in nervous anorexia, accompanied by a (reversible) decrease in the cerebral substance thickness. Very small hyperdense focuses can be seen in the tension/tiredness syndrome.
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Anorexia Nervosa (24)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (112)
Autistic Disorder (48)
Cerebral Cortex (9)
Depressive Disorder (35)
Dyslexia (33)
Myelin Sheath (4)
Neuroimaging, Functional
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (22)
Prefrontal Cortex (6)
Sex Characteristics (5)
Tourette Syndrome (21)
Bibliografia
Allen G, Courchesne E. Differential effect
of developmental cerebellar abnormalitiey on
cognitive and motor functions in the cerebellum:
an FMRI study in autism. Am J Psychiatry
2003;160:262.
Attwell D, Iadecola C. The neural basis of functional brain imaging signals. Trends Neurosci 2002;25:621.
Black KJ Botteron KN. Neuroimaging in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:267.
Boddaert N, Zibovicius, Botteron KN, Figiel GS. The neuromorphometry of affective disorders. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:145.
Boddaert N, Zilbovicius M. Functional neuroimaging and childhood autism. Pediatr Radiol 2002;32:1.
Brambilla P, Hardan AY, di Nemi SU, et al. Brain anatomy and development in autism: review of structural MRI studies. Brain Res Bull 2003;61:557.
Brambillla P, Hardan AY, di Nemi SU, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of autism. Functional Neurology 2004;19:9.
Cousins J, Gonzales M. Brain imaging in chronic fatigue syndrome. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:615.
Friedman SD, Shaw DW, Artru AA, et al. Regional brain chemical alterations in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology 2003;60:100.
Giedd JN, Castellanos FX. Developmental disorders. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:121.
Honey GD, Fletcher PC, Bullmore ET. Functional brain mapping of psychopathology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72:432.
Kumar A. Pet studies in mood disorders. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:215.
Nigel JN. Normal brain development ages 4-18. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:103.
Rossion B, Caldara R, Segher M, et al. A network of occipito-temporal face-sensitive areas besidesb the right middle fusiform gyrus is necessary for normal face processing. Brain 2003;26:2381.
Sakse R, Kanwisher N. People thinking about thinking people. The role of temporoparietal junction in therapy of mind. Neuroimage 2003;19:835.
Attwell D, Iadecola C. The neural basis of functional brain imaging signals. Trends Neurosci 2002;25:621.
Black KJ Botteron KN. Neuroimaging in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:267.
Boddaert N, Zibovicius, Botteron KN, Figiel GS. The neuromorphometry of affective disorders. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:145.
Boddaert N, Zilbovicius M. Functional neuroimaging and childhood autism. Pediatr Radiol 2002;32:1.
Brambilla P, Hardan AY, di Nemi SU, et al. Brain anatomy and development in autism: review of structural MRI studies. Brain Res Bull 2003;61:557.
Brambillla P, Hardan AY, di Nemi SU, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of autism. Functional Neurology 2004;19:9.
Cousins J, Gonzales M. Brain imaging in chronic fatigue syndrome. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:615.
Friedman SD, Shaw DW, Artru AA, et al. Regional brain chemical alterations in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology 2003;60:100.
Giedd JN, Castellanos FX. Developmental disorders. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:121.
Honey GD, Fletcher PC, Bullmore ET. Functional brain mapping of psychopathology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72:432.
Kumar A. Pet studies in mood disorders. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:215.
Nigel JN. Normal brain development ages 4-18. In: Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM (eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker Ed, 1997:103.
Rossion B, Caldara R, Segher M, et al. A network of occipito-temporal face-sensitive areas besidesb the right middle fusiform gyrus is necessary for normal face processing. Brain 2003;26:2381.
Sakse R, Kanwisher N. People thinking about thinking people. The role of temporoparietal junction in therapy of mind. Neuroimage 2003;19:835.