Ricerca
La trasmissione perinatale dell’HCV
MOTHER-TO-CHILD HCV TRANSMISSION
M. Resti e coll.
Ottobre 1998 - pagg. 529 -534
Abstract
Mother-to-child HCV transmission is an
emergent problem, but risk factors for vertical
transmission are still not completely
known. Previous reports have shown extremely
different transmission rates ranging
from 5.6% to 36%. The importance of HIV-
1 coinfection in mothers has been repeatedly
stressed. Few is known on the risk of
HCV infection in children born to HIV-1 seronegative
women. A multicentre prospective
study was undertaken in Tuscany, Italy.
Infection status (presence of HCV-RNA and
viral load) and risk factors for infection in
mothers, timing of HCV-RNA appearance
in children, and risk factors for mother-tochild
transmission (type of delivey, type of
feeding, HCV genotypes) were investigated
in 403 anti-HCV positive, anti-HIV negative
mothers and their infants. The follow up
was of 24-36 months. 13 children (3.2%)
born from HCV-RNA positive mothers were
infected. There was no association between
breast-feeding, type of delivery or maternal
viremia and risk of infant infection. The
study also showed that intravenous drug
use itself, not associated with HIV1 infection,
may represent an important risk factor
in perinatal transmission of HCV. In utero
transmission seems to be a frequent event.
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Chang TT, Liou TC, Youong KC, et al: Intrafamilial
transmission of hepatitis C virus:
the important role of transmission. J Med Virol
42, 91-96, 1994.
2. Diago M, Zapater R, Tuset C, et al: Intrafamily transmission of hepatitis C virus: sexual and non-sexual contacts. J Hepatol 25, 125- 128, 1996.
3. Bortolotti F, Resti M, Giacchino R, et al: Changing epidemiologic pattern of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Italian children. J Ped 133, 378-381, 1998.
4. Maggiore G: Epatite C nel bambino: dubbi e certezze. Medico e Bambino 6, 16-21, 1996.
5. Thaler MM, Park CK, Landers DV, et al: Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 338, 17-18, 1991.
6. Ohto H, Terazawa S, Sasaki N, et al: Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. N Engl J Med 330, 744-50, 1994.
7. Zanetti AR, Tanzi E, Paccagnini S, et al: Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 345, 289-91, 1995.
8. Lam JPH, McOmish F, Burns SM, Yap PL, Mok JYQ, Simmonds P: Infrequent vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Infect Dis 167, 572-6, 1993.
9. Resti M, Azzari C, Lega L, et al: Mother-toinfant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Acta Paediatr 84, 251-5,1995.
10. Manzini P, Saracco G, Cerchier A, et al: Human immunodeficiency virus infection as risk factor for mother to child hepatitis C virus transmission; persistence of anti hepatitis C virus in children is associated with the mother’s anti hepatitis C virus immunoblotting pattern. Hepatology 21, 328-32, 1995.
11. Shindo M, Aral K, Sokawa Y, Okuno T: The virological and histological states of antihepatitis C virus positive subjects with normal liver biochemical values. Hepatology 22, 418-25, 1995.
12. Paccagnini S, Principi N, Massironi E, et al: Perinatal transmission and manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection in a high risk population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14, 195-9, 1995.
13. Giacchino R, Tasso L, Timitilli A, et al: Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus infection: Usefulness of viremia detection in HIV-seronegative hepatitis C virus seropositive mothers. J Pediatr 132, 167-9, 1998.
14. Spencer JD, Latt N, Collins E, et al: Transmission of hepatitis C virus to infants of human immunodeficiency virus negative intravenous drug-using mothers: rate of infection and assessment of risk factors for transmission. J Viral Hepatitis 4, 395-409, 1997.
15. Tovo PA, Palomba E, Ferraris G, et al: Increased risk of maternal infant hepatitis C virus transmission for women coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Italian study group for HCV infection in children. Clin Infect Dis 25, 1121-1124, 1997.
16. Thomas DL, Villano SA, Reister KA, et al: Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus from human immunodeficiency virus type 1- infected mothers. Women and infants transmission study. J Infect Dis 177, 1480-1488, 1998.
17. Thomas SL, Newell ML, Peckham CS, et al: A review of hepatityis C virus (HCV) vertical transmission: risk of transmission to infants born to mothers with and without HCV viraemia or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Epidemiol 27, 108-117, 1998.
18. Roudot-Thoraval F, Pawlotsky JM, Thiers V, et al: Lack of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus seronegative women: a prospective study with hepatitis C virus RNA testing. Hepatology 17, 772-777, 1993.
19. Tanzi E, Verrotti C, Volpicelli A, et al: Risk factors and prevalence of HCV antibodies in pregnant women and in their babies. It J Ginaecol Obstet 2, 66-72, 1995.
20. Marraconi F, Fabis P, Stecca C, et al: Prevalence of anti HCV and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in healthy pregnant women. Infection 5, 333-337, 1994.
21. Resti M, Azzari C, Mannelli F, et al: Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus: prospective study of risk factors and timing of infection in children born to women seronegative for HIV 1. BMJ 317, 437-441, 1998.
22. Dusheiko GM: Report of a Meeting of physicians and scientists, Royal Free Hospital and School of Medicine London. Genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus: implications for pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Lancet 345, 562-6, 1995.
23. Weiner AJ, Thaler MM, Crawford K, et al: A unique, predominant hepatitis C virus variant found in an infant born to a mother with multiple variants. J Virol 67, 4365-8, 1993.
24. Bortolotti F, Resti M, Giacchino R, et al: Features and outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and related liver disease in children of anti-HCV positive mothers. J Pediatr in press.
25. Maggiore G, Caprai S, Cerino A, et al: Antibody negative chronic hepatitis C virus infection in immunocompetent children. J Ped 132, 1048-1050, 1998.
26. Lin HH, Kao JK, Hsu HY, et al: Absence of infection in breast-fed infants born to hepatitis C virus-infected mothers. J Pediatr 126, 589- 91, 1995.
27. Nousbaum JB, Pol S, Nalpas B, Landais P, Berthelot P, Brechot C: Hepatitis C virus type 1b (II) infection in France and Italy. Ann Intern Med 122, 161-8, 1995.
28. Pawlotsky JM, Tsakiris L, Roudot-Thoraval F, Pellet C, Stuyver L, Duval J, Dhumeaux D: Relationship between hepatitis C virus genotypes and sources of infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Infect Dis 171, 1607-10, 1995.
29. Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, et al:. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in Japanese school children: comparison with adult blood donors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46, 460-464, 1992.
30. Chang NH, Lee CY, Chen DS: Minimal role of hepatitis C virus infection in childhood liver disease in an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 40, 322-325, 1993.
31. Ngatchu T, Stroffolini T, Rapicetta M, et al: Seroprevalence of anti-HCV in an urban children population: a pilot survery in a developing area, Cameroon. J Trop Med Hyg 95, 57-61, 1992.
32. Al-Faleh FZ, Ayoola EA, Al-Jeffry M, et al: Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus among Saudi Arabian children: a communitybased study. Hepatology 14, 215-218, 1991.
33. Romanò L, Azara A, Chiaramonte M, et al: Low prevalence of anti-HCV antibody among Italian children. Infection 22, 350-352, 1994.
2. Diago M, Zapater R, Tuset C, et al: Intrafamily transmission of hepatitis C virus: sexual and non-sexual contacts. J Hepatol 25, 125- 128, 1996.
3. Bortolotti F, Resti M, Giacchino R, et al: Changing epidemiologic pattern of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Italian children. J Ped 133, 378-381, 1998.
4. Maggiore G: Epatite C nel bambino: dubbi e certezze. Medico e Bambino 6, 16-21, 1996.
5. Thaler MM, Park CK, Landers DV, et al: Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 338, 17-18, 1991.
6. Ohto H, Terazawa S, Sasaki N, et al: Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. N Engl J Med 330, 744-50, 1994.
7. Zanetti AR, Tanzi E, Paccagnini S, et al: Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 345, 289-91, 1995.
8. Lam JPH, McOmish F, Burns SM, Yap PL, Mok JYQ, Simmonds P: Infrequent vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Infect Dis 167, 572-6, 1993.
9. Resti M, Azzari C, Lega L, et al: Mother-toinfant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Acta Paediatr 84, 251-5,1995.
10. Manzini P, Saracco G, Cerchier A, et al: Human immunodeficiency virus infection as risk factor for mother to child hepatitis C virus transmission; persistence of anti hepatitis C virus in children is associated with the mother’s anti hepatitis C virus immunoblotting pattern. Hepatology 21, 328-32, 1995.
11. Shindo M, Aral K, Sokawa Y, Okuno T: The virological and histological states of antihepatitis C virus positive subjects with normal liver biochemical values. Hepatology 22, 418-25, 1995.
12. Paccagnini S, Principi N, Massironi E, et al: Perinatal transmission and manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection in a high risk population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14, 195-9, 1995.
13. Giacchino R, Tasso L, Timitilli A, et al: Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus infection: Usefulness of viremia detection in HIV-seronegative hepatitis C virus seropositive mothers. J Pediatr 132, 167-9, 1998.
14. Spencer JD, Latt N, Collins E, et al: Transmission of hepatitis C virus to infants of human immunodeficiency virus negative intravenous drug-using mothers: rate of infection and assessment of risk factors for transmission. J Viral Hepatitis 4, 395-409, 1997.
15. Tovo PA, Palomba E, Ferraris G, et al: Increased risk of maternal infant hepatitis C virus transmission for women coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Italian study group for HCV infection in children. Clin Infect Dis 25, 1121-1124, 1997.
16. Thomas DL, Villano SA, Reister KA, et al: Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus from human immunodeficiency virus type 1- infected mothers. Women and infants transmission study. J Infect Dis 177, 1480-1488, 1998.
17. Thomas SL, Newell ML, Peckham CS, et al: A review of hepatityis C virus (HCV) vertical transmission: risk of transmission to infants born to mothers with and without HCV viraemia or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Epidemiol 27, 108-117, 1998.
18. Roudot-Thoraval F, Pawlotsky JM, Thiers V, et al: Lack of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus seronegative women: a prospective study with hepatitis C virus RNA testing. Hepatology 17, 772-777, 1993.
19. Tanzi E, Verrotti C, Volpicelli A, et al: Risk factors and prevalence of HCV antibodies in pregnant women and in their babies. It J Ginaecol Obstet 2, 66-72, 1995.
20. Marraconi F, Fabis P, Stecca C, et al: Prevalence of anti HCV and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in healthy pregnant women. Infection 5, 333-337, 1994.
21. Resti M, Azzari C, Mannelli F, et al: Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus: prospective study of risk factors and timing of infection in children born to women seronegative for HIV 1. BMJ 317, 437-441, 1998.
22. Dusheiko GM: Report of a Meeting of physicians and scientists, Royal Free Hospital and School of Medicine London. Genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus: implications for pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Lancet 345, 562-6, 1995.
23. Weiner AJ, Thaler MM, Crawford K, et al: A unique, predominant hepatitis C virus variant found in an infant born to a mother with multiple variants. J Virol 67, 4365-8, 1993.
24. Bortolotti F, Resti M, Giacchino R, et al: Features and outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and related liver disease in children of anti-HCV positive mothers. J Pediatr in press.
25. Maggiore G, Caprai S, Cerino A, et al: Antibody negative chronic hepatitis C virus infection in immunocompetent children. J Ped 132, 1048-1050, 1998.
26. Lin HH, Kao JK, Hsu HY, et al: Absence of infection in breast-fed infants born to hepatitis C virus-infected mothers. J Pediatr 126, 589- 91, 1995.
27. Nousbaum JB, Pol S, Nalpas B, Landais P, Berthelot P, Brechot C: Hepatitis C virus type 1b (II) infection in France and Italy. Ann Intern Med 122, 161-8, 1995.
28. Pawlotsky JM, Tsakiris L, Roudot-Thoraval F, Pellet C, Stuyver L, Duval J, Dhumeaux D: Relationship between hepatitis C virus genotypes and sources of infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Infect Dis 171, 1607-10, 1995.
29. Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, et al:. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in Japanese school children: comparison with adult blood donors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46, 460-464, 1992.
30. Chang NH, Lee CY, Chen DS: Minimal role of hepatitis C virus infection in childhood liver disease in an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 40, 322-325, 1993.
31. Ngatchu T, Stroffolini T, Rapicetta M, et al: Seroprevalence of anti-HCV in an urban children population: a pilot survery in a developing area, Cameroon. J Trop Med Hyg 95, 57-61, 1992.
32. Al-Faleh FZ, Ayoola EA, Al-Jeffry M, et al: Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus among Saudi Arabian children: a communitybased study. Hepatology 14, 215-218, 1991.
33. Romanò L, Azara A, Chiaramonte M, et al: Low prevalence of anti-HCV antibody among Italian children. Infection 22, 350-352, 1994.