Focus
Le molte facce della malattia infiammatoria cronica intestinale
A. Ventura e coll.
Ottobre 1998 - pagg. 509 -527
Classificazione MeSH
Autoantibodies (75)
Colitis, Ulcerative (56)
Colitis, Ulcerative (56)
Crohn Disease (96)
Crohn Disease (96)
Granuloma (20)
Granuloma (20)
Immune Tolerance (27)
Immune Tolerance (27)
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (138)
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (138)
Intestinal Mucosa (37)
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell (2)
Bibliografia
(first of two parts). N Engl J Med 325, 928,
1991.
2. Chong SKF, Wright VM, Nishigame T, Raafat F, et al: Infantile colitis: a manifestation of intestinal Behçet’s syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 7, 622, 1988.
3. Mashako L, Sonsino E, Navarro J, Mougenot JF, et al: Microscopic colitis: a new cause of chronic diarrhea in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 10, 21, 1990. 3 bis. Stampfl DA, Friedman LS: Collagenous colitis: pathophysiologic considerations. Dig Dis Sci 36, 705, 1991.
4. Sanderson JR, Risdon RA, Walker-Smith JA: Intractable ulcerating enterocolitis of infancy. Arch Dis Child 66, 295, 1991.
5. Cuénod-Jabri B, Patey N, Turk D, Canioni D, Besnard M, Mougenot JF, Martin de Lassalle E, et al: Colites graves chez l’enfant de moins de 3 ans. Arch Fr Pediatr 5, 224, 1998.
6. Olafsddottir EJ, Fluge G, Haug K: Chronic inflammatory bowel disease in children in western Norway. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 8, 454, 1989.
7. Kyle J: Crohn’s disease in northestern and northern isles of Scotland: an epidemiological review. Gastroenterology 103, 392, 1992.
8. Hildebrand H, Brydolf M, Olmquist L, et al: Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in children in south-western Sweden. Acta Paediatr 83, 640, 1994.
9. Turk D, Gower Rousseau C, Gotrand F, et al: Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in northern french children: a 5 year prospective survey (1988-1992). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 20, 466A, 1995.
10. Bujanover Y, Shefer N, Reif S, et al: A rise in the incidence of IBD in pediatric patients in the Tel-Aviv area (1980-1992). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 20, 466A, 1995.
11. Gent AE, Hellier MD, Grace RH, et al: Inflammatory bowel disease and domestic hygiene and infancy. Lancet 343, 766-767, 1994.
12. Montgomery SM, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ: Infant mortality and the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 349, 472, 1997.
13. Cariappa A, Sands B, Forcione D, et al: Analysis of MHC class II DP, DQ and DR alleles in Crohn’s Disease. Gut 43, 210, 1998.
14. Satsangi J, Welsh KI, Bunce M, et al: Contribution of genes of the MCH complez to susceptibility and disease phenotype in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 347, 1212, 1996.
15. SnooK J: Are the inflammatory bowel diseases autoimmune disorders? Gut 31, 961, 1990.
16. Polito JM, Ress RC, Childs B, et al: Preliminary evidence for genetic anticipation in Crohn disease. Lancet 347, 798, 1996.
17. Piloquet H, Martin D, Goulet O, et al: Crohn’s disease in children 8 years old and younger. Gut 39 (suppl 3), A244, 1996.
18. Pirzer U, Shonhaar A, Fleisher B, et al: Reactivity of infiltrating T Lymphocytes with microbial antigens in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 38, 1238, 1991.
19. Quinton JF, Sendid B., Reumaux D, et al: Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies combined with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and diagnostic role. Gut 42, 788, 1998.
20. Rutgeers P, Gaboes K, Peeters M: Effect of fecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn’s disease in neoterminal ileum. Lancet 338, 731, 1998.
21. Geng X, Biancone L, Dai HH, Lin JJ, Yoshizaki N, et al: Tropomyosin isoforms in intestinal mucosa: production of autoantibodies to tropomyosin isoforms in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 114, 912, 1998.
22. Isaacs KL, Sartor RB, Haskill S: Cytokine messenger RNA profiles in inflammatory bowel disease mucosa detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Gastroenterology 103, 1587, 1992.
23. Reincker HC, Steffen M, Witthoeft T, et al: Enhanced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6 and IL-1 beta by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Clin Experim Immunol 94, 174, 1993.
24. Nicholls S, Stephens S, Braegger CP, et al: Cytokines in stools of children with inflammatory bowel disease or infective diarrhea. J Clin Pathol 46, 75-77, 1992.
25. Not T, Buratti E, Berti I, Trevisiol C, Neri E, Tommasini A: Le citochine: da mediatori della flogosi a bersaglio della terapia. Medico e Bambino 17 (2), 103 (35), 1998.
26. Schreiber S, Nikolaus S, Hampe J: Activation of nuclear factor kB in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 42, 477, 1998.
27. Mombaerts P, Mizoguchi E, Grusby MJ, et al: Spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease in T cell receptor mutant mice. Cell 75, 275, 1993.
28. Sadlak B, Merz H, Shorle H, et al: Ulcerative colitis-like disease in micewith a disrupted interleukin-2 gene. Cell 75, 253, 1993.
29. Kuhn R, Lohler J, Rennik D, et al: Interleukin 10 deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 75, 263, 1993.
30. Watanabe M, Ueno Y, Yajima T, et al: Interleukin 7 transgenic mice develop chronic colitis with decreased interleukin 7 protein accumulation in the colonic mucosa. J Exp Med 187, 389, 1998.
31. Ventura A, Torre G, Fain S, et al: Appunti sulle malattie infiammatorie croniche dell’intestino. Medico e Bambino 10 (10), 628 (16), 1991.
32. Booth IW: Chronic Inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Dis Child 66, 742, 1991.
33. Jenkins AP, Treasure J, Thompson RHP: Crohn’s disease presenting as anorexia nervosa. BMJ 296, 699, 1988.
34. Orchard TR, Wordswoorth BP, Jewell DP: Peripheral arthropaties in inflammatory bowel disease: their articular distribution and natural history. Gut 42, 387, 1998.
35. Miller LC, Sisson BA, Tucker LB, Schaller JG: Prolonged fevers of unknown origin in children: patterns of presentations and outcome. J Pediatr 12, 419, 1996.
36. Motil KJ, Grand RJ, Davis Kraft L, et al: Growth failure in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 105, 681, 1993.
37. Ventura A, Nassimbeni G: Terapia del morbo di Crohn in età pediatrica. Prospettive in Pediatria 25, 283, 1995.
38. Lionetti P, Battini ML, Resti M, Falcini F: A 14 year old girl with skin ulcers. Lancet 351, 262, 1998.
39. Hilling GA, Robertson DAF, Chamers AH, Rigby HS: Unusual pulmonary complication of ulcerative colitis with a rapid response to corticosteroids: case report. Gut 35, 847, 1994.
40. Faure C, Belarbi N, Mougenot JF, et al: Ultrasonographic assessment of inflammatory bowel disease in children: comparison with ileocolonscopy. J Pediatr 130, 147, 1997.
41. Hyer W, Beattie RM, Walker Smith JA, Mc Lean A: Computed tomography in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Dis Child 76, 428, 1997.
42. Sciarretta G, Furno A, Mazzoni M, Basile C, Malaguti P: Technetium-99m hexamethyl propylene amine oxime granulocyte scintigraphy in Crohn’s disease: diagnostic and clinical relevance. Gut 34, 1364, 1993.
43. Geatti O, Bellina R, Povolato M, Boni G, et al: Immunoscintigraphy for Crohn’s disease diagnosis and follow-up in case of typical and atypical onset. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 29 (S1), A46, 1997.
44. Modigliani R, Manj JK, Simon JF, et al: Clinical, biological and endoscopic picture of attack of Crohn disease: evaluation of prednisone. Gastroenterology 98, 811, 1990.
45. Murphy MS, Eastham EJ, Nelson R, et al: Intestinal permeability in Crohn’s disease. Arch Dis Child 64, 321, 1989.
46. Wyatt J, Vogelsang H, Hubl W, et al: Intestinal permeability and the prediction of relapse in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 341, 1437, 1993.
47. Ventura A, Nassimbeni G: Terapia del morbo di Crohn in età pediatrica. Prospettive in Pediatria 25, 283, 1995.
48. Markowitz J, Daum F: Immunology of inflammatory bowel disease: summary of the proceedings of the subcommittee on immunosoppressive use in IBD. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 12, 411, 1991.
49. Verhave M, Winter H, Grand RJ: Azathioprine in the treatment of children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr 117, 809, 1990.
50. Feagan B, Rochon J, Fedorak R, et al: Methotrexate for treatment of Crohn disease. N Engl J Med 332, 292, 1995.
51. Hakobovis J, Schuster MM: Metronidazole therapy for Crohn’s disease and associated fistulae. Am J Gastroenterol 79, 533, 1984.
52. Present DH, Lichtiger S: Efficacy of cyclosporin in treatment of fistula of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Science 39, 374, 1994.
53. Sandborn WJ, Van O EC, Zins BJ, Tremaine WJ, Mays DC, Lipsky JJ: An intravenous loading dose of azathioprine decreases the time to response in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 109, 1808, 1995.
54. Kornbluth A, Presen DH, Lichtiger S, Hanauer S: Cyclosporine for severe ulcerative colitis: a user’s guide. Am J Gastroenterol 92, 1424, 1997.
55. Greeberg GR, Feagan B, Martin F, et al: Oral Budesonide for active Crohn disease. N Engl J Med 331, 836, 1994.
56. Rutgeers P, Lofberg R, Malchow H, et al: A comparison of Budesonide with Prednisolone for active Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 331, 842, 1994.
57. Campieri M, Ferguson A, Doe W, et al: Oral Budesonide is as effective as oral Prednisolone in active Crohn’s disease. Gut 41, 209, 1997.
58. Thomsen O, Cortot A, Jewell D, et al: A comparison of Budesonide and Mesalazine for active Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 339, 370, 1998.
59. Gross V, Andus T, Ecker KW, et al: Low dose oral pH modified release budesonide for maintenance of steroid induced remission in Crohn’s disease. Gut 42, 493, 1998.
60. Van der Heide A, Van der Brand-Gradel V, Tytgat GNJ, et al: Comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate (2 and 3 mg) and prednisolone sodium phosphate enemas (30 mg) in the treatment of ulcerative proctitis. An adrenocortical approach. Nether J Med 35, 18-24, 1989.
61. Belli DC: Malattie infiammatorie dell’intestino: terapia nutrizionale Medico e Bambino 8, 527, 1998.
62. Cucchiara S, Ciccimarra E, Iula VD, et al: La terapia nutrizionale nella malattia di Crohn. Riv It Ped 23, 993, 1997.
63. Belli DC, Seidman E, Bouthillier A, et al: Chronic intermittent elemental diet improves growth failure in children with Crohn’s disease and growth failure. Gastroenterology 94, 603, 1988.
64. Wilschanski M, Sherman P, Pencharz P, Davis L, Corey M, Griffiths A: Supplementary enteral nutrition maintains remission in pediatric Crohn’s disease. Gut 38, 543, 1996.
65. Navarro J, Vargas J, Cezard JP, et al: Prolonged constant rate elemental enteral nutrition in Crohn’s disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1, 541, 1982.
66. Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJH, et al: A short term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alfa for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 337, 1029, 1997.
67. Stack WA, Mann SD, Roy AJ, et al: Randomized controlled trial of CDP571 antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 349, 521, 1997.
68. van Deventer SJ, Elson CO, Fedorak RN: Multiple doses of intravenous interleukin 10 in steroid-refractory Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease study group. Gastroenterology 113, 383, 1997.
69. Jacobson JM, Greenspan JS, Spritzler J, et al: Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphtous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 336, 1487, 1997.
70. Wettstein A, Meagher AP: Thalidomide in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 350, 1445, 1997.
71. Odeka EB, Miller V: Thalidomide in oral Crohn’s disease refractory to conventional medical treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 25, 250, 1997.
72. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with thalidomide. BMJ 1, 792, 1979.
73. Handley J, Shields M, Dodge J, et al: Chronic bullous disease of childhood and ulcerative colitis. Pediatric Dermatology 10, 256, 1993.
74. Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, Pera A, et al: Effect of enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 334, 1557, 1996.
75. McLain BI, Davidson PM, Stokes KB, Beassley SW: Growth after gut resection for Crohn’s disease. Arch Dis Child 65, 760, 1990.
76. Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, Brown JP, et al: Alendronate for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis intervention study group. N Engl J Med 339, 292, 1998.
2. Chong SKF, Wright VM, Nishigame T, Raafat F, et al: Infantile colitis: a manifestation of intestinal Behçet’s syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 7, 622, 1988.
3. Mashako L, Sonsino E, Navarro J, Mougenot JF, et al: Microscopic colitis: a new cause of chronic diarrhea in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 10, 21, 1990. 3 bis. Stampfl DA, Friedman LS: Collagenous colitis: pathophysiologic considerations. Dig Dis Sci 36, 705, 1991.
4. Sanderson JR, Risdon RA, Walker-Smith JA: Intractable ulcerating enterocolitis of infancy. Arch Dis Child 66, 295, 1991.
5. Cuénod-Jabri B, Patey N, Turk D, Canioni D, Besnard M, Mougenot JF, Martin de Lassalle E, et al: Colites graves chez l’enfant de moins de 3 ans. Arch Fr Pediatr 5, 224, 1998.
6. Olafsddottir EJ, Fluge G, Haug K: Chronic inflammatory bowel disease in children in western Norway. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 8, 454, 1989.
7. Kyle J: Crohn’s disease in northestern and northern isles of Scotland: an epidemiological review. Gastroenterology 103, 392, 1992.
8. Hildebrand H, Brydolf M, Olmquist L, et al: Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in children in south-western Sweden. Acta Paediatr 83, 640, 1994.
9. Turk D, Gower Rousseau C, Gotrand F, et al: Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in northern french children: a 5 year prospective survey (1988-1992). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 20, 466A, 1995.
10. Bujanover Y, Shefer N, Reif S, et al: A rise in the incidence of IBD in pediatric patients in the Tel-Aviv area (1980-1992). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 20, 466A, 1995.
11. Gent AE, Hellier MD, Grace RH, et al: Inflammatory bowel disease and domestic hygiene and infancy. Lancet 343, 766-767, 1994.
12. Montgomery SM, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ: Infant mortality and the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 349, 472, 1997.
13. Cariappa A, Sands B, Forcione D, et al: Analysis of MHC class II DP, DQ and DR alleles in Crohn’s Disease. Gut 43, 210, 1998.
14. Satsangi J, Welsh KI, Bunce M, et al: Contribution of genes of the MCH complez to susceptibility and disease phenotype in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 347, 1212, 1996.
15. SnooK J: Are the inflammatory bowel diseases autoimmune disorders? Gut 31, 961, 1990.
16. Polito JM, Ress RC, Childs B, et al: Preliminary evidence for genetic anticipation in Crohn disease. Lancet 347, 798, 1996.
17. Piloquet H, Martin D, Goulet O, et al: Crohn’s disease in children 8 years old and younger. Gut 39 (suppl 3), A244, 1996.
18. Pirzer U, Shonhaar A, Fleisher B, et al: Reactivity of infiltrating T Lymphocytes with microbial antigens in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 38, 1238, 1991.
19. Quinton JF, Sendid B., Reumaux D, et al: Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies combined with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and diagnostic role. Gut 42, 788, 1998.
20. Rutgeers P, Gaboes K, Peeters M: Effect of fecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn’s disease in neoterminal ileum. Lancet 338, 731, 1998.
21. Geng X, Biancone L, Dai HH, Lin JJ, Yoshizaki N, et al: Tropomyosin isoforms in intestinal mucosa: production of autoantibodies to tropomyosin isoforms in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 114, 912, 1998.
22. Isaacs KL, Sartor RB, Haskill S: Cytokine messenger RNA profiles in inflammatory bowel disease mucosa detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Gastroenterology 103, 1587, 1992.
23. Reincker HC, Steffen M, Witthoeft T, et al: Enhanced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6 and IL-1 beta by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Clin Experim Immunol 94, 174, 1993.
24. Nicholls S, Stephens S, Braegger CP, et al: Cytokines in stools of children with inflammatory bowel disease or infective diarrhea. J Clin Pathol 46, 75-77, 1992.
25. Not T, Buratti E, Berti I, Trevisiol C, Neri E, Tommasini A: Le citochine: da mediatori della flogosi a bersaglio della terapia. Medico e Bambino 17 (2), 103 (35), 1998.
26. Schreiber S, Nikolaus S, Hampe J: Activation of nuclear factor kB in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 42, 477, 1998.
27. Mombaerts P, Mizoguchi E, Grusby MJ, et al: Spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease in T cell receptor mutant mice. Cell 75, 275, 1993.
28. Sadlak B, Merz H, Shorle H, et al: Ulcerative colitis-like disease in micewith a disrupted interleukin-2 gene. Cell 75, 253, 1993.
29. Kuhn R, Lohler J, Rennik D, et al: Interleukin 10 deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 75, 263, 1993.
30. Watanabe M, Ueno Y, Yajima T, et al: Interleukin 7 transgenic mice develop chronic colitis with decreased interleukin 7 protein accumulation in the colonic mucosa. J Exp Med 187, 389, 1998.
31. Ventura A, Torre G, Fain S, et al: Appunti sulle malattie infiammatorie croniche dell’intestino. Medico e Bambino 10 (10), 628 (16), 1991.
32. Booth IW: Chronic Inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Dis Child 66, 742, 1991.
33. Jenkins AP, Treasure J, Thompson RHP: Crohn’s disease presenting as anorexia nervosa. BMJ 296, 699, 1988.
34. Orchard TR, Wordswoorth BP, Jewell DP: Peripheral arthropaties in inflammatory bowel disease: their articular distribution and natural history. Gut 42, 387, 1998.
35. Miller LC, Sisson BA, Tucker LB, Schaller JG: Prolonged fevers of unknown origin in children: patterns of presentations and outcome. J Pediatr 12, 419, 1996.
36. Motil KJ, Grand RJ, Davis Kraft L, et al: Growth failure in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 105, 681, 1993.
37. Ventura A, Nassimbeni G: Terapia del morbo di Crohn in età pediatrica. Prospettive in Pediatria 25, 283, 1995.
38. Lionetti P, Battini ML, Resti M, Falcini F: A 14 year old girl with skin ulcers. Lancet 351, 262, 1998.
39. Hilling GA, Robertson DAF, Chamers AH, Rigby HS: Unusual pulmonary complication of ulcerative colitis with a rapid response to corticosteroids: case report. Gut 35, 847, 1994.
40. Faure C, Belarbi N, Mougenot JF, et al: Ultrasonographic assessment of inflammatory bowel disease in children: comparison with ileocolonscopy. J Pediatr 130, 147, 1997.
41. Hyer W, Beattie RM, Walker Smith JA, Mc Lean A: Computed tomography in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Dis Child 76, 428, 1997.
42. Sciarretta G, Furno A, Mazzoni M, Basile C, Malaguti P: Technetium-99m hexamethyl propylene amine oxime granulocyte scintigraphy in Crohn’s disease: diagnostic and clinical relevance. Gut 34, 1364, 1993.
43. Geatti O, Bellina R, Povolato M, Boni G, et al: Immunoscintigraphy for Crohn’s disease diagnosis and follow-up in case of typical and atypical onset. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 29 (S1), A46, 1997.
44. Modigliani R, Manj JK, Simon JF, et al: Clinical, biological and endoscopic picture of attack of Crohn disease: evaluation of prednisone. Gastroenterology 98, 811, 1990.
45. Murphy MS, Eastham EJ, Nelson R, et al: Intestinal permeability in Crohn’s disease. Arch Dis Child 64, 321, 1989.
46. Wyatt J, Vogelsang H, Hubl W, et al: Intestinal permeability and the prediction of relapse in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 341, 1437, 1993.
47. Ventura A, Nassimbeni G: Terapia del morbo di Crohn in età pediatrica. Prospettive in Pediatria 25, 283, 1995.
48. Markowitz J, Daum F: Immunology of inflammatory bowel disease: summary of the proceedings of the subcommittee on immunosoppressive use in IBD. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 12, 411, 1991.
49. Verhave M, Winter H, Grand RJ: Azathioprine in the treatment of children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr 117, 809, 1990.
50. Feagan B, Rochon J, Fedorak R, et al: Methotrexate for treatment of Crohn disease. N Engl J Med 332, 292, 1995.
51. Hakobovis J, Schuster MM: Metronidazole therapy for Crohn’s disease and associated fistulae. Am J Gastroenterol 79, 533, 1984.
52. Present DH, Lichtiger S: Efficacy of cyclosporin in treatment of fistula of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Science 39, 374, 1994.
53. Sandborn WJ, Van O EC, Zins BJ, Tremaine WJ, Mays DC, Lipsky JJ: An intravenous loading dose of azathioprine decreases the time to response in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 109, 1808, 1995.
54. Kornbluth A, Presen DH, Lichtiger S, Hanauer S: Cyclosporine for severe ulcerative colitis: a user’s guide. Am J Gastroenterol 92, 1424, 1997.
55. Greeberg GR, Feagan B, Martin F, et al: Oral Budesonide for active Crohn disease. N Engl J Med 331, 836, 1994.
56. Rutgeers P, Lofberg R, Malchow H, et al: A comparison of Budesonide with Prednisolone for active Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 331, 842, 1994.
57. Campieri M, Ferguson A, Doe W, et al: Oral Budesonide is as effective as oral Prednisolone in active Crohn’s disease. Gut 41, 209, 1997.
58. Thomsen O, Cortot A, Jewell D, et al: A comparison of Budesonide and Mesalazine for active Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 339, 370, 1998.
59. Gross V, Andus T, Ecker KW, et al: Low dose oral pH modified release budesonide for maintenance of steroid induced remission in Crohn’s disease. Gut 42, 493, 1998.
60. Van der Heide A, Van der Brand-Gradel V, Tytgat GNJ, et al: Comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate (2 and 3 mg) and prednisolone sodium phosphate enemas (30 mg) in the treatment of ulcerative proctitis. An adrenocortical approach. Nether J Med 35, 18-24, 1989.
61. Belli DC: Malattie infiammatorie dell’intestino: terapia nutrizionale Medico e Bambino 8, 527, 1998.
62. Cucchiara S, Ciccimarra E, Iula VD, et al: La terapia nutrizionale nella malattia di Crohn. Riv It Ped 23, 993, 1997.
63. Belli DC, Seidman E, Bouthillier A, et al: Chronic intermittent elemental diet improves growth failure in children with Crohn’s disease and growth failure. Gastroenterology 94, 603, 1988.
64. Wilschanski M, Sherman P, Pencharz P, Davis L, Corey M, Griffiths A: Supplementary enteral nutrition maintains remission in pediatric Crohn’s disease. Gut 38, 543, 1996.
65. Navarro J, Vargas J, Cezard JP, et al: Prolonged constant rate elemental enteral nutrition in Crohn’s disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1, 541, 1982.
66. Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJH, et al: A short term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alfa for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 337, 1029, 1997.
67. Stack WA, Mann SD, Roy AJ, et al: Randomized controlled trial of CDP571 antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 349, 521, 1997.
68. van Deventer SJ, Elson CO, Fedorak RN: Multiple doses of intravenous interleukin 10 in steroid-refractory Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease study group. Gastroenterology 113, 383, 1997.
69. Jacobson JM, Greenspan JS, Spritzler J, et al: Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphtous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 336, 1487, 1997.
70. Wettstein A, Meagher AP: Thalidomide in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 350, 1445, 1997.
71. Odeka EB, Miller V: Thalidomide in oral Crohn’s disease refractory to conventional medical treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 25, 250, 1997.
72. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with thalidomide. BMJ 1, 792, 1979.
73. Handley J, Shields M, Dodge J, et al: Chronic bullous disease of childhood and ulcerative colitis. Pediatric Dermatology 10, 256, 1993.
74. Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, Pera A, et al: Effect of enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 334, 1557, 1996.
75. McLain BI, Davidson PM, Stokes KB, Beassley SW: Growth after gut resection for Crohn’s disease. Arch Dis Child 65, 760, 1990.
76. Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, Brown JP, et al: Alendronate for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis intervention study group. N Engl J Med 339, 292, 1998.