Linee guida
La gestione della sindrome influenzale in Pediatria
CASE MANAGEMENT OF INFLUENZA IN CHILDHOOD
RAFFAELE ARIGLIANI1, VANIA GIACOMET2, FEDERICO MAROLLA3, ALFREDO GUARINO2
1Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri;
2Società Italiana di Pediatria
3Associazione Culturale Pediatri
Gennaio 2002 - pagg. 41 -45
Abstract
Guidelines for the management of influenza in children were developed by the National Institutes
for Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) together with all the major Italian paediatric
societies. Rapid diagnostic tests are not recommended due to insufficient sensitivity and specificity.
Etiological treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors or other antiviral agents is not
recommended. Symptomatic treatment should be based on acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
Antibiotics are not recommended unless fever persists for more than 7 days and signs of
lower respiratory tract infection are present. Admission to hospital should be limited to cases
with preexisting risk conditions, young infants with bronchiolitis, cases with respiratory
distress and oxygen desaturation, or cases where home management is difficult due to
social reasons.
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Burls, et al. per NICE, non pubblicato,
http://www.nice.org.uk/
2. Jefferson TO, Demicheli V, Deeks JJ, Rivetti D. Amantadine and rimantadine for preventing and treating influenza A in adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
3. Jefferson TO, Demicheli V, Deeks J, Rivetti D. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
4. Arroll B, Kenealy T. Antibiotics for the common cold (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
5. Smucny J, Fahey T, Becker L, Glazier R, McIsaac W. Antibiotics for acute bronchitis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
6. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
7. Addis A, Bonati M. Use of nimesulide in children. Lancet 1999;354:1034.
8. Addis A, Vivarelli P, Bonati M. Il primato al paracetamolo. Occhio Clinico Pediatria 1999; 8:27-9.
9. Plaisance K, Mackowiak PA. Antipyretic therapy. Physiological rationale, diagnostic implications, and clinical consequences Arch Intern Med 2000;160:449-56.
10. Plaisance KI, Kudaravalli S, Wasserman SS, Levine MM, Mackowiak PA. Effect of antipyretic therapy on the duration of illness in experimental influenza A, Shigella sonnei, and Rickettsia rickettsii infections. Pharmacotherapy 2000;20:1417-22.
11. Lesko SM, Mitchell AA. The safety of acetaminophen and ibuprofen among children younger than two years old. Pediatrics 1999;104:e39.
12. Lesko SM, Mitchell AA. An assessment of the safety of pediatric ibuprofen. A practitioner- based randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1995;273:929-33.
13. Rudolph AM. Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen in pregnancy and in the newborn. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:358-63.
14. Marchioni CF, Livi E, Oliani C, Guerzoni P, Corona M. Treatment of acute inflammatory pathology of the upper airway with morniflumate. Rivista Europea per le Scienze Mediche e Farmacologiche 1990;12:347-57.
15. Bernasconi P, Massera E. Evaluation of a new pharmaceutical form of nimesulide for the treatment of influenza. Drugs Under Experimental & Clinical Research 1985;11:739- 43.
16. Bennet A, et al. Nimesulide: a multifactorial therapeutic approach to the inflammatory process? A 7 year clinical experience. Drugs 1993;46(Suppl 1):1-283.
17. Anonimo. Portugal suspends paediatric nimesulide. Scrip 1999;2431:20.
18. Menniti-Ippolito F, Sagliocca L, Da Cas R, Saggiomo G, Di Nardo R, Traversa G and the Santobono Study Group for Adverse Drug Reactions in Children. Niflumic acid and cutaneous reactions in children. Arch Dis Child 2001;84:430-1.
19. Oliveira EC, Marik PE, Colice G. Influenza pneumonia: a descriptive study. Chest 2001;119:1717-23.
20. Fleming DM. The contribution of influenza to combined acute respiratory infections, hospital admissions, and deaths in winter. Commun Dis Public Health 2000;3:32-8.
21. Glezen WP, Greenberg SB, Atmar RL, Piedra PA, Couch RB. Impact of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions. JAMA 2000;283:499-505.
22. Simonsen L, Fukuda K, Schonberger LB, Cox NJ. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. J Infect Dis 2000;181:831- 7.
23. Neuzil KM, Reed GW, Mitchel EF Jr, Griffin MR. Influenza-associated morbidity and mortality in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 1999;281:944-5.
24. Neuzil KM, Reed GW, Mitchel EF, Simonsen L, Griffin MR. Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148:1094-102.
25. Teichtahl H, Buckmaster N, Pertnikovs E. The incidence of respiratory tract infection in adults requiring hospitalization for asthma. Chest 1997;112:591-6.
26. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adult with community- acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1730-54.
27. Fine MJ, et al. The hospital admission decision for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research team cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:36-44.
28. Izurieta HS, Thompson WW, Kramarz P, et al. Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:232-9.
29. Neuzil KM, Mellen BG, Wright PF, Mitchel EF, Griffin MR. The effect of influenza on hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and courses of antibiotics in children. N Engl J Med 2000;342:225-31
30. Neuzil KM, Wright PF, Mitchel EF, et al. The burden of influenza illness in children with asthma and other chronic medical conditions. J Pediatr 2000;137:856-64.
31. Shaw KN, Bell LM, Sherman NH. Outpatient assessment of infants with bronchiolitis. AJDC 1991;145:151-5.
32. Mulholland EK, Olinsky A, Shann FA. Clinical findings and severity of acute bronchiolitis. Lancet 1990;335:1259-61.
33. Navas L, Wang E, de Carvalho V, et al. Improved outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a high-risk hospitalized population of Canadian children. J Pediatr 1992; 121:348-54.
2. Jefferson TO, Demicheli V, Deeks JJ, Rivetti D. Amantadine and rimantadine for preventing and treating influenza A in adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
3. Jefferson TO, Demicheli V, Deeks J, Rivetti D. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
4. Arroll B, Kenealy T. Antibiotics for the common cold (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
5. Smucny J, Fahey T, Becker L, Glazier R, McIsaac W. Antibiotics for acute bronchitis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
6. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
7. Addis A, Bonati M. Use of nimesulide in children. Lancet 1999;354:1034.
8. Addis A, Vivarelli P, Bonati M. Il primato al paracetamolo. Occhio Clinico Pediatria 1999; 8:27-9.
9. Plaisance K, Mackowiak PA. Antipyretic therapy. Physiological rationale, diagnostic implications, and clinical consequences Arch Intern Med 2000;160:449-56.
10. Plaisance KI, Kudaravalli S, Wasserman SS, Levine MM, Mackowiak PA. Effect of antipyretic therapy on the duration of illness in experimental influenza A, Shigella sonnei, and Rickettsia rickettsii infections. Pharmacotherapy 2000;20:1417-22.
11. Lesko SM, Mitchell AA. The safety of acetaminophen and ibuprofen among children younger than two years old. Pediatrics 1999;104:e39.
12. Lesko SM, Mitchell AA. An assessment of the safety of pediatric ibuprofen. A practitioner- based randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1995;273:929-33.
13. Rudolph AM. Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen in pregnancy and in the newborn. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:358-63.
14. Marchioni CF, Livi E, Oliani C, Guerzoni P, Corona M. Treatment of acute inflammatory pathology of the upper airway with morniflumate. Rivista Europea per le Scienze Mediche e Farmacologiche 1990;12:347-57.
15. Bernasconi P, Massera E. Evaluation of a new pharmaceutical form of nimesulide for the treatment of influenza. Drugs Under Experimental & Clinical Research 1985;11:739- 43.
16. Bennet A, et al. Nimesulide: a multifactorial therapeutic approach to the inflammatory process? A 7 year clinical experience. Drugs 1993;46(Suppl 1):1-283.
17. Anonimo. Portugal suspends paediatric nimesulide. Scrip 1999;2431:20.
18. Menniti-Ippolito F, Sagliocca L, Da Cas R, Saggiomo G, Di Nardo R, Traversa G and the Santobono Study Group for Adverse Drug Reactions in Children. Niflumic acid and cutaneous reactions in children. Arch Dis Child 2001;84:430-1.
19. Oliveira EC, Marik PE, Colice G. Influenza pneumonia: a descriptive study. Chest 2001;119:1717-23.
20. Fleming DM. The contribution of influenza to combined acute respiratory infections, hospital admissions, and deaths in winter. Commun Dis Public Health 2000;3:32-8.
21. Glezen WP, Greenberg SB, Atmar RL, Piedra PA, Couch RB. Impact of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions. JAMA 2000;283:499-505.
22. Simonsen L, Fukuda K, Schonberger LB, Cox NJ. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. J Infect Dis 2000;181:831- 7.
23. Neuzil KM, Reed GW, Mitchel EF Jr, Griffin MR. Influenza-associated morbidity and mortality in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 1999;281:944-5.
24. Neuzil KM, Reed GW, Mitchel EF, Simonsen L, Griffin MR. Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148:1094-102.
25. Teichtahl H, Buckmaster N, Pertnikovs E. The incidence of respiratory tract infection in adults requiring hospitalization for asthma. Chest 1997;112:591-6.
26. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of adult with community- acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1730-54.
27. Fine MJ, et al. The hospital admission decision for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research team cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:36-44.
28. Izurieta HS, Thompson WW, Kramarz P, et al. Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:232-9.
29. Neuzil KM, Mellen BG, Wright PF, Mitchel EF, Griffin MR. The effect of influenza on hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and courses of antibiotics in children. N Engl J Med 2000;342:225-31
30. Neuzil KM, Wright PF, Mitchel EF, et al. The burden of influenza illness in children with asthma and other chronic medical conditions. J Pediatr 2000;137:856-64.
31. Shaw KN, Bell LM, Sherman NH. Outpatient assessment of infants with bronchiolitis. AJDC 1991;145:151-5.
32. Mulholland EK, Olinsky A, Shann FA. Clinical findings and severity of acute bronchiolitis. Lancet 1990;335:1259-61.
33. Navas L, Wang E, de Carvalho V, et al. Improved outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a high-risk hospitalized population of Canadian children. J Pediatr 1992; 121:348-54.