Linee guida
Raccomandazioni sull’allattamento materno per i nati a termine, di peso appropriato, sani
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BREASTFEEDING TERM, HEALTHY BABIES
SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI NEONATOLOGIA (SIN)
Commissione Consultiva sulla Promozione dell’Allattamento Materno
Febbraio 2002 - pagg. 91 -98
Abstract
An ad hoc committee was established by the Italian Society of Neonatology, to develop recommendations
for breastfeeding (BF) term, healthy babies. The main recommendations include
the following : information about BF should start before birth, possibly as a collaborative,
multidisciplinary effort; early contact and early initiation of BF immediately after birth are
beneficial and should be promoted, as well as rooming-in during the stay in maternity; BF
should be exclusive and given on demand; the use of bottles and pacifiers should be discouraged;
health professionals should receive specific training on BF support; discharge from maternity
should be decided taking into account individual preferences, medical as well as social
conditions; BF support should continue after discharge, based on existing primary health
care services and on peer counselling and support.
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Picciano MF. Nutrient composition of human
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53-68.
2. Butte NF. The role of breastfeeding in obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48(1):189- 98.
3. Davis MK. Breastfeeding and chronic disease in childhood and adolescence. Pediat Clin North Am 2001;48(1):125-42.
4. Heinig MJ. Host defence benefits of breastfeeding for the infant: effects of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48(1):105-24.
5. Reynolds A. Breastfeeding and brain development. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001; 48(1):159-72.
6. Angelsen NK, Vik T, Jacobsen G, Bakketeig LS. Breastfeeding and cognitive development at age 1 and 5 years. Arch Dis Child 2001;85:183-8.
7. Labbock M. Effects of breastfeeding on the mother. Pediatr Clin North Am 48 (1), 143-158, 2001
8. Ball TM, Bennett DM. The economic impact of breastfeeding. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48(1):253-62.
9. Riva E, et al. Factors associated with initiation and duration of breastfeeding in Italy. Acta Pediatr 1999;88:411-5.
10. Cattaneo A, et al. Are data on the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding reliable? The case of Italy. Acta Pediatr 2000;89:88-93.
11. Cattaneo A. Borgnolo G, Simon G, et al. Breastfeeding by objectives. Eur J Public Health 2001;11:397-401.
12. American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use if human milk. Pediatrics 1997;100(6):1035-9.
13. Bertino E, Corchia C, Gagliardi L, per conto del Comitato Direttivo della Società Italiana di Neonatologia. La produzione di lineeguida nell’ambito della S.I.N. Riv Ital Pediatr 2000;26:371-5.
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15. Circolare 24 ottobre 2000, n 16, del Ministero della Sanità. Promozione e tutela dell’allattamento al seno. GU della Repubblica Italiana, 10 novembre 2000.
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17. Wright A, et al. Changing hospital practices to increase the duration to breastfeeding. Pediatrics 1996;97(5):669-75.
18. Fairbank L, et al. A systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to promote the initiation if breastfeeding. Health Technology Assessment 2000;4(25): 1-171.
19. Wiles L. The effect of prenatal breastfeeding education on breastfeeding success and maternal behaviour. JOGNN 1984;July/Aug: 253-7.
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21. Neifert M, et al. Factors influencing breast- feeding among adolescents. J Adolesc Health Care 1999;9(6):470-3.
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29. Christensson K, et al. Temperature, metabolic adaptation and crying in healthy fullterm newborns cared for skin-to-skin or in a cot. Acta Pediatr 1992;81(6-7):488-93.
30. Widstrom AM, Thingstrom-Paulsson J. The position of the tongue during rooting reflexes elicited in newborn infants before the first suckle. Acta Pediatr 1993;82(3):281-3.
31. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. The relationship between rooming-in/not rooming-in and breast-feeding variables. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990;79:1017-22.
32. Cuttini M, et al. Rooming-in, breastfeeding and mothers’ satisfaction in an Italian nursery. J Reproduct Infant Psychol 1995;13: 41-6.
33. Lutter CK, et al. The effectiveness of a hospital- based program to promote exclusive breast-feeding among low income women in Brazil. Am J Public Health 1997;87:659-63.
34. Righard L, Alade MO. Sucking technique and its effect on the success of breastfeeding. Birth 1992;19:185-9.
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36. De Carvalho M, et al. Does the duration and frequency of early breastfeeding affect nipple pain? Birth 1984;11:81-4.
37. Woolridge MW. Aetiology of sore nipple. Midwifery 1986a;2(4):172-6.
38. Illingworth RS, Stone DGH. Self-demand feeding in a maternity unit. Lancet 1952; i(6710):683-7.
39. De Carvalho M, et al. Frequency of breastfeeding and serum bilirubin concentration. Am J Dis Child 1982;136:737-8.
40. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. Breastfeeding in the first 24 hours after birth in fullterm neonates. Pediatrics 1990;86(2):171-5.
41. Martines JC, et al. Breast-feeding among the urban poor in southern Brazil: reasons for termination in the first 6 months of life. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1989;67(2):151-61.
42. Centuori S, et al. Nipple care, sore nipple and breastfeeding: a randomised trial. J Human Lactation 1999;15:1-6.
43. Klauss MH. The frequency of sucking. A neglected but essential ingredient of breastfeeding. Obstet Gynecol Clinic of North Amer 1987;14(3):623.
44. WHO/UNICEF. Indicators for assessing health facility practices that affects breastfeeding. Geneva: WHO, 1993.
45. Nylander G, et al. Unsupplemented breastfeeding in the maternity ward. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991;70:205-9.
46. Martin-Calama J, et al. The effect of feeding glucose water to breastfeeding newborns on weight, body temperature, blood glucose and breastfeeding duration. J Human Lactation 1997;13(3):209-13.
47. Von Kries R, et al. Breastfeeding and obesity: cross sectional study. BMJ 1999;319: 147.
48. Gillman MW, et al. Risk of overweight among adolescent who were breastfed as infants. JAMA 2001;285:2461-7.
49. Saarinen UM, et al. Prolonged breast-feeding as prophylaxis for atopic disease. Lancet 1979;1:163.
50. Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the risk of bronchial asthma childhood: a systematic review with meta- analysis of prospective studies. J Pediatr 20001;139(2):261-6.
51. Infante-Rivard C, Amre D, Gautrin D, Malo JL. Family size, day-care attendance and breastfeeding in relation to the incidence of childhood asthma. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153 (7):653-8.
52. Aniansson G, et al. A prospective coherent study on breast-feeding and otitis media in Swedish infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:183-8.
53. Newcomb PA, et al. Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. N Eng J Med 1994;330:81-7.
54. Zheng T, Duan L, Liu Y, et al. Lactation reduces breast cancer risk in Shandong Province, China. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152(12): 1129-35.
55. Chang-Claude J, Eby N, Kiechle M, et al. Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by age 50 among women in Germany. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11(8):687-95.
56. Bernier MO, Olu-Bureau G, Blossard N, Ayzac L, Thalabard JC. Breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer: a meta analysis of published studies. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6(4):374-86.
57. Hoseth E, et al. Blood glucose levels in a population of healthy, breastfed, term infants of appropriate size for gestational age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000;83:F117- 119.
58. Glover J, Sandilands M. Supplementation of breastfeeding infants and weight loss in hospital. J Human Lactation 1990;6(4):163-6.
59. De Carvalho M et al. Effect of water supplementation on physiological jaundice in breast-fed babies. Arch Dis Child 1981;56(7): 568-9.
60. Nicoll A, et al. Supplementary feeding and jaundice in newborn. Acta Pediatr Scand 1982;71:759-761.
61. Neifert M, et al. Nipple confusion: toward a formal definition. J Pediatrics 1995;126: S125-129.
62. Woolridge MW. The “anatomy” of infant sucking. Midwifery 1986b;2(4):164-71.
63. Nowak AJ, et al. Imaging evaluation of artificial nipples during bottle feeding. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:40-2.
64. Barros FC. Use of pacifiers is associated with decreased breast-feeding duration. Pediatrics 1995;95(4):497-9.
65. Mathew OP, Bhatia J. Sucking and breathing patterns during breast- and bottlefeeding in term neonates. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:588-92.
66. Inoue N, et al. Reduction of masseter muscle activity in bottle-fed babies. Early Human Development 1995;42:185-93.
67. Labbock MH, Hendershot GE. Does breastfeeding protect against malocclusion? An analysis of the 1981 Child Heath Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey. Am J Prev Med 1987;3(4):227-32.
68. Ogaard B, et al. The effect of sucking habits, cohort, sex, intercanine arch widths and breast or bottle feeding on posterior crossbite in Norvegian and Swedish 3-years-old children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106:161-6.
69. Davis DW, Bell PA. Infant feeding practice and occlusal outcomes: a longitudinal study. J Can Dent Assoc 1991;57(7):593-4.
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2. Butte NF. The role of breastfeeding in obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48(1):189- 98.
3. Davis MK. Breastfeeding and chronic disease in childhood and adolescence. Pediat Clin North Am 2001;48(1):125-42.
4. Heinig MJ. Host defence benefits of breastfeeding for the infant: effects of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48(1):105-24.
5. Reynolds A. Breastfeeding and brain development. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001; 48(1):159-72.
6. Angelsen NK, Vik T, Jacobsen G, Bakketeig LS. Breastfeeding and cognitive development at age 1 and 5 years. Arch Dis Child 2001;85:183-8.
7. Labbock M. Effects of breastfeeding on the mother. Pediatr Clin North Am 48 (1), 143-158, 2001
8. Ball TM, Bennett DM. The economic impact of breastfeeding. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48(1):253-62.
9. Riva E, et al. Factors associated with initiation and duration of breastfeeding in Italy. Acta Pediatr 1999;88:411-5.
10. Cattaneo A, et al. Are data on the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding reliable? The case of Italy. Acta Pediatr 2000;89:88-93.
11. Cattaneo A. Borgnolo G, Simon G, et al. Breastfeeding by objectives. Eur J Public Health 2001;11:397-401.
12. American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use if human milk. Pediatrics 1997;100(6):1035-9.
13. Bertino E, Corchia C, Gagliardi L, per conto del Comitato Direttivo della Società Italiana di Neonatologia. La produzione di lineeguida nell’ambito della S.I.N. Riv Ital Pediatr 2000;26:371-5.
14. Rapisardi G, et al. Raccomandazioni per l’assistenza alla madre in puerperio e al neonato. Riv Ital Pediatr 2000;26:232-43.
15. Circolare 24 ottobre 2000, n 16, del Ministero della Sanità. Promozione e tutela dell’allattamento al seno. GU della Repubblica Italiana, 10 novembre 2000.
16. Heiberg EE, Helsing E. Changes in breastfeeding practices in Norwegian maternity wards: National Surveys 1972, 1982, 1991. Acta Pediatr 1995;84:719-24.
17. Wright A, et al. Changing hospital practices to increase the duration to breastfeeding. Pediatrics 1996;97(5):669-75.
18. Fairbank L, et al. A systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to promote the initiation if breastfeeding. Health Technology Assessment 2000;4(25): 1-171.
19. Wiles L. The effect of prenatal breastfeeding education on breastfeeding success and maternal behaviour. JOGNN 1984;July/Aug: 253-7.
20. Berens PD. Prenatal, intrapartum and postnatal support of the lactating mother. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48(1):365-76.
21. Neifert M, et al. Factors influencing breast- feeding among adolescents. J Adolesc Health Care 1999;9(6):470-3.
22. Curro V, et al. Randomised controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of a booklet on the duration of breastfeeding. Arch Dis Child 1997;6(6):500-3.
23. MAIN Trial Collaborative Group. Preparing for breastfeeding: treatment of inverted and non-retractile nipple in pregnancy. Midwifery 1994;10:200-14.
24. Kaplowitz DD, et al. The effect of an educational program on the decision to breastfeed. J Nutr Educ 1983;15:61-5.
25. Serwint JR, et al. A RCT of prenatal pediatric visits for urban, low-income families. Pediatrics 1996;98:1069-75.
26. Perez-Escamilla R, et al. Infant feeding policies in maternity wards and their effect on breast-feeding success: an analytical overview. Am J Public Health 1994;84(1):89-97.
27. Kurinji N, et al. Early formula supplementation of breast feeding. Pediatrics 1991;88: 745-50.
28. Christensson K, et al. Separation distress call in the human neonate in the absence of maternal body contact. Acta Pediatr 1995; 84:468-73.
29. Christensson K, et al. Temperature, metabolic adaptation and crying in healthy fullterm newborns cared for skin-to-skin or in a cot. Acta Pediatr 1992;81(6-7):488-93.
30. Widstrom AM, Thingstrom-Paulsson J. The position of the tongue during rooting reflexes elicited in newborn infants before the first suckle. Acta Pediatr 1993;82(3):281-3.
31. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. The relationship between rooming-in/not rooming-in and breast-feeding variables. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990;79:1017-22.
32. Cuttini M, et al. Rooming-in, breastfeeding and mothers’ satisfaction in an Italian nursery. J Reproduct Infant Psychol 1995;13: 41-6.
33. Lutter CK, et al. The effectiveness of a hospital- based program to promote exclusive breast-feeding among low income women in Brazil. Am J Public Health 1997;87:659-63.
34. Righard L, Alade MO. Sucking technique and its effect on the success of breastfeeding. Birth 1992;19:185-9.
35. Righard L. Are breastfeeding problems related to incorrect breastfeeding technique and the use of pacifiers and bottles? Birth 1998;25:40.
36. De Carvalho M, et al. Does the duration and frequency of early breastfeeding affect nipple pain? Birth 1984;11:81-4.
37. Woolridge MW. Aetiology of sore nipple. Midwifery 1986a;2(4):172-6.
38. Illingworth RS, Stone DGH. Self-demand feeding in a maternity unit. Lancet 1952; i(6710):683-7.
39. De Carvalho M, et al. Frequency of breastfeeding and serum bilirubin concentration. Am J Dis Child 1982;136:737-8.
40. Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. Breastfeeding in the first 24 hours after birth in fullterm neonates. Pediatrics 1990;86(2):171-5.
41. Martines JC, et al. Breast-feeding among the urban poor in southern Brazil: reasons for termination in the first 6 months of life. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1989;67(2):151-61.
42. Centuori S, et al. Nipple care, sore nipple and breastfeeding: a randomised trial. J Human Lactation 1999;15:1-6.
43. Klauss MH. The frequency of sucking. A neglected but essential ingredient of breastfeeding. Obstet Gynecol Clinic of North Amer 1987;14(3):623.
44. WHO/UNICEF. Indicators for assessing health facility practices that affects breastfeeding. Geneva: WHO, 1993.
45. Nylander G, et al. Unsupplemented breastfeeding in the maternity ward. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991;70:205-9.
46. Martin-Calama J, et al. The effect of feeding glucose water to breastfeeding newborns on weight, body temperature, blood glucose and breastfeeding duration. J Human Lactation 1997;13(3):209-13.
47. Von Kries R, et al. Breastfeeding and obesity: cross sectional study. BMJ 1999;319: 147.
48. Gillman MW, et al. Risk of overweight among adolescent who were breastfed as infants. JAMA 2001;285:2461-7.
49. Saarinen UM, et al. Prolonged breast-feeding as prophylaxis for atopic disease. Lancet 1979;1:163.
50. Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the risk of bronchial asthma childhood: a systematic review with meta- analysis of prospective studies. J Pediatr 20001;139(2):261-6.
51. Infante-Rivard C, Amre D, Gautrin D, Malo JL. Family size, day-care attendance and breastfeeding in relation to the incidence of childhood asthma. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153 (7):653-8.
52. Aniansson G, et al. A prospective coherent study on breast-feeding and otitis media in Swedish infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:183-8.
53. Newcomb PA, et al. Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. N Eng J Med 1994;330:81-7.
54. Zheng T, Duan L, Liu Y, et al. Lactation reduces breast cancer risk in Shandong Province, China. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152(12): 1129-35.
55. Chang-Claude J, Eby N, Kiechle M, et al. Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by age 50 among women in Germany. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11(8):687-95.
56. Bernier MO, Olu-Bureau G, Blossard N, Ayzac L, Thalabard JC. Breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer: a meta analysis of published studies. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6(4):374-86.
57. Hoseth E, et al. Blood glucose levels in a population of healthy, breastfed, term infants of appropriate size for gestational age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000;83:F117- 119.
58. Glover J, Sandilands M. Supplementation of breastfeeding infants and weight loss in hospital. J Human Lactation 1990;6(4):163-6.
59. De Carvalho M et al. Effect of water supplementation on physiological jaundice in breast-fed babies. Arch Dis Child 1981;56(7): 568-9.
60. Nicoll A, et al. Supplementary feeding and jaundice in newborn. Acta Pediatr Scand 1982;71:759-761.
61. Neifert M, et al. Nipple confusion: toward a formal definition. J Pediatrics 1995;126: S125-129.
62. Woolridge MW. The “anatomy” of infant sucking. Midwifery 1986b;2(4):164-71.
63. Nowak AJ, et al. Imaging evaluation of artificial nipples during bottle feeding. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:40-2.
64. Barros FC. Use of pacifiers is associated with decreased breast-feeding duration. Pediatrics 1995;95(4):497-9.
65. Mathew OP, Bhatia J. Sucking and breathing patterns during breast- and bottlefeeding in term neonates. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:588-92.
66. Inoue N, et al. Reduction of masseter muscle activity in bottle-fed babies. Early Human Development 1995;42:185-93.
67. Labbock MH, Hendershot GE. Does breastfeeding protect against malocclusion? An analysis of the 1981 Child Heath Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey. Am J Prev Med 1987;3(4):227-32.
68. Ogaard B, et al. The effect of sucking habits, cohort, sex, intercanine arch widths and breast or bottle feeding on posterior crossbite in Norvegian and Swedish 3-years-old children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106:161-6.
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