Farmacologia clinica
Bambini e farmaci: gli ultimi vent’anni, con uno sguardo al futuro
CHILDREN AND DRUGS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LAST TWENTY YEARS AND A LOOK AT THE FUTURE
FEDERICO MARCHETTI
Clinica Pediatrica, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste
Aprile 2002 - pagg. 237 -244
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, several important modifications have occurred in the practice of
ambulatory drug use for children. The prescribing practice in Italy, as documented by several
epidemiological surveys recently carried out, is still far from rational use. The most controversial
aspects regard the excess use of inhaled corticosteroids and of antibiotics for
common respiratory infective diseases. Many prescriptions are off label. In the future, more
attention should be paid to promoting large practice-based clinical trials in children to fill
the gap between evidence and practice.
Parole chiave
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Franzoni MG, Pisacane A, Tognoni G.
Bambini e Farmaci. Roma: Il Pensiero Scientifico
Editore,1979.
2. Franzosi MG, Tognoni G. Problemi di uso dei farmaci nella pratica pediatrica extraospedaliera. Riv Ital Ped 1979;5:21-36.
3. Romero M, Ferrarese A, Venturini F, et al. Epidemiologia del farmaco e contesti di assistenza: il caso della pediatria. Giorn Ital Farm Clin 1993;7:1-12.
4. Marchetti F, Romero M. La prescrizione dei farmaci nella pratica pediatrica extraospedaliera. Prospettive in Pediatria 1993;23:313-23.
5. Rossi E, De Rosa M, Bonati M, et al. La prescrizione farmaceutica pediatrica nell’ambito delle cure primarie: rapporto della banca dati ARNO. Giorn Ital Farm Clin 2001;15 (1):26-9.
6. Boschi G, Marchetti F, Mercuri B, La Gamba G, a nome del Gruppo di Studio della Pediatria Ospedaliera. La broncopolmonite. Medico e Bambino 1999;4:236-41.
7. Bonati M, Clavella A, Rocchi F. Corticosteroidi in età pediatrica: marketing e prescrizione. Informazione sui farmaci 2001;25(2-3): 79- 82.
8. Barbi E, Cantoni L, Panizon F. Prontuario Pediatrico: guida alla terapia. Milano: Edifarm, 2000.
9. Augood C, Mac Lennan S, Gilbert R, Logan S. Cisapride treatment for gastro-oesophageal reflux in children (Cochrane review). In The Cochrane Library, 1, 2001. Oxford Update Software
10. Marchetti F. La pratica medica basata sulle prove di efficacia. Medico e Bambino 2000; 6:382-86.
11. Haynes B, Haynes A. Barriers and bridges to evidence based clinical practice. BMJ 1998; 317:273-6.
12. Bisno AL. Acute pharyngitis. N Engl J Med 2001;344(3):205-11.
13. AA.VV. Faringotonsillite batterica: il punto. Ottobre 2001; Forum Pediatria. www.pediatria. it
14. Schirm E, van den Berg P, Gebben H, Sauer P, de Jong-van den Berg L. Drug use in children in the community assessed through pharmacy dispensing data. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;50:473-8.
15. Cars O, Molstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet 2001;357:1851-3.
16. Wise R, Hart T, Cars O, et al. Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to public health. BMJ 1998;317:609-10.
17. Nasrin D, Collignon PJ, Roberts L, et al. Effect of β lactam antibiotic use in children on pneumococcal resistence to penicillin: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2002;324:28.
18. Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Managing antibiotic resistence. N Engl J Med 2000;343(26): 1963-4.
19. Bauchner H, Wise PH. Antibiotics without prescription: “bacterial or medical resistence”? Lancet 2000;355:1480.
20. AA.VV. 1992-2001. Le novità che ci hanno fatto cambiare. Medico e Bambino 2001;3 (Suppl):9-98.
21. Soll RF. Syntetic surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, 1,
2001. Oxford Update Software.
22. De Vonderweid U. Neonatologia. Medico e Bambino 2001;3(Suppl):56-9.
23. The Investigators of the Southern Italy NICU Network. The Southern Italy neonatal intensive care units network: very low birth-weight otcomes for 1994. Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics 1997;2(3):171-8.
24. ICH-TEMA E11. Ricerca clinica sui prodotti medicinali nella popolazione pediatrica. Documento CPMP/ICH/2711/99. Giorn Ital Far Clin 2000;4:113-8.
25. Stephenson T. Medicines for children-the last century and the next. Arch Dis Child 2001; 85:177-9.
26. Mc Intyre J, Conroy S, Avery A, et al. Unlicensed and off label drug use in general practice. Arch Dis Child 2000;83:498-501.
27. Conroy S, Choonara I, Impicciatore P, et al. Unlicensed and off-label durg use in pediatrics wards in different Europeam countries. BMJ 2000;320:79-82.
28. Pandolfini C, Impicciatore P, Provasi D, et al. Prescrizioni off-label nei reparti di pediatria generale in Italia. Giorn Ital Far Clin 2001;15 (1):4-10.
29. Milano G. Non giochiamo con i farmaci. Panorama, 5/4/2001, pag. 187-90.
30. Bertzand P, Aranibar H, Castro E, Sanchez I. Efficacy of nebulized epinephrine versus salbutamol in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001;31(4):284-8.
31. Fitzgerald D, Mellis C, Johnson M, et al. Nebulised budesonide is as effective nebulised adrenaline in moderately severe croup. Pediatrics 1996;97(5):722-5.
32. Canciani M, Longo G. Novità nella terapia del croup. Medico e Bambino 1996;3:16-8.
33. Ausejo M, Saenz A, Pham B, et al. The effectiveness of glucocorticoids in treating croup: meta-analysis. BMJ 1999;319:595-600.
34. Griffin S, Ellis S, Fitzegald-Barron A, et al. Nebulised steroid in the treatment of croup: a systematic review of randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract 2000;50(451):135-41
35. Panizon F. Il crup. Medico e Bambino 2001;1:46-8.
36. Rosman NP, Colton T, Labazzo J, et al. A controlled trial of diazepam administred during febrile illnesses to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures. N Engl J Med 1993;329:79-84.
37. Marchetti F, Bonati M. Convulsioni febbrili: quali novità? Medico e Bambino 1995;2: 31-3.
38. Offringa M, Moyer VA. Evidence based management of seizures associated with fever. BMJ 2001;323:1111-4.
39. Chang AB, Phelan PD, Carlin JB, Sawyer SM, Robertson CF. A randomised, placebo controlled trial of inhaled salbutamol and beclomethasone for recurrent cough. Arch Dis Child 1998;79:6-11.
40. Chavasse RJ, Bastian-Lee Y, Richter H, Hilliard T Seddon P. Inhaled salbutamol for wheezy infants: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:370-5.
41. Miselli M. Gastroprotezione e corticosteroidi. Informazione sui farmaci 2001;25(2-3): 54-5.
42. Marchetti F. Ricerca in pediatria di famiglia. Medico e Bambino 2001;5:293-6.
43. Editorial. The tightening grip of big pharma. Lancet 2001;357:1141.
44. Conti Nibali S, Siracusano MF. Releasing the grip of big pharma. Lancet 2001;358:664.
45. Editorial. Sponsorship, authorship and accountability. N Engl J Med 2001;345:825-7.
46. Bonati M, Impicciatore P, Pandolfini C. Register of clinical trials in children must be set up. BMJ 2000;130:1339-40.
47. Conti Nibali S, Marchetti F. Scrivere un protocollo di ricerca collaborativa. Quaderni ACP 2000;6:10-2.
48. Menniti-Ippolito F, Raschetti R, De Cas R, Giaquinto C, Cantautori L, for the Pediatric Pharmacosurveillance Multicenter Group. Active monitoring of adverse drug reaction in children. Lancet 2000;355:1613-4.
49. Finkelstein JA, Davis RL, Dowell SF, et al. Reducing antibiotic in children: a randomised trial in 12 practices. Pediatrics 2001;108(1):1-7.
50. Farmer P. The major infectious diseases in the world-to treat or not to treat? N Engl J Med 2001;345:208-10.
2. Franzosi MG, Tognoni G. Problemi di uso dei farmaci nella pratica pediatrica extraospedaliera. Riv Ital Ped 1979;5:21-36.
3. Romero M, Ferrarese A, Venturini F, et al. Epidemiologia del farmaco e contesti di assistenza: il caso della pediatria. Giorn Ital Farm Clin 1993;7:1-12.
4. Marchetti F, Romero M. La prescrizione dei farmaci nella pratica pediatrica extraospedaliera. Prospettive in Pediatria 1993;23:313-23.
5. Rossi E, De Rosa M, Bonati M, et al. La prescrizione farmaceutica pediatrica nell’ambito delle cure primarie: rapporto della banca dati ARNO. Giorn Ital Farm Clin 2001;15 (1):26-9.
6. Boschi G, Marchetti F, Mercuri B, La Gamba G, a nome del Gruppo di Studio della Pediatria Ospedaliera. La broncopolmonite. Medico e Bambino 1999;4:236-41.
7. Bonati M, Clavella A, Rocchi F. Corticosteroidi in età pediatrica: marketing e prescrizione. Informazione sui farmaci 2001;25(2-3): 79- 82.
8. Barbi E, Cantoni L, Panizon F. Prontuario Pediatrico: guida alla terapia. Milano: Edifarm, 2000.
9. Augood C, Mac Lennan S, Gilbert R, Logan S. Cisapride treatment for gastro-oesophageal reflux in children (Cochrane review). In The Cochrane Library, 1, 2001. Oxford Update Software
10. Marchetti F. La pratica medica basata sulle prove di efficacia. Medico e Bambino 2000; 6:382-86.
11. Haynes B, Haynes A. Barriers and bridges to evidence based clinical practice. BMJ 1998; 317:273-6.
12. Bisno AL. Acute pharyngitis. N Engl J Med 2001;344(3):205-11.
13. AA.VV. Faringotonsillite batterica: il punto. Ottobre 2001; Forum Pediatria. www.pediatria. it
14. Schirm E, van den Berg P, Gebben H, Sauer P, de Jong-van den Berg L. Drug use in children in the community assessed through pharmacy dispensing data. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;50:473-8.
15. Cars O, Molstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet 2001;357:1851-3.
16. Wise R, Hart T, Cars O, et al. Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to public health. BMJ 1998;317:609-10.
17. Nasrin D, Collignon PJ, Roberts L, et al. Effect of β lactam antibiotic use in children on pneumococcal resistence to penicillin: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2002;324:28.
18. Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Managing antibiotic resistence. N Engl J Med 2000;343(26): 1963-4.
19. Bauchner H, Wise PH. Antibiotics without prescription: “bacterial or medical resistence”? Lancet 2000;355:1480.
20. AA.VV. 1992-2001. Le novità che ci hanno fatto cambiare. Medico e Bambino 2001;3 (Suppl):9-98.
21. Soll RF. Syntetic surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, 1,
2001. Oxford Update Software.
22. De Vonderweid U. Neonatologia. Medico e Bambino 2001;3(Suppl):56-9.
23. The Investigators of the Southern Italy NICU Network. The Southern Italy neonatal intensive care units network: very low birth-weight otcomes for 1994. Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics 1997;2(3):171-8.
24. ICH-TEMA E11. Ricerca clinica sui prodotti medicinali nella popolazione pediatrica. Documento CPMP/ICH/2711/99. Giorn Ital Far Clin 2000;4:113-8.
25. Stephenson T. Medicines for children-the last century and the next. Arch Dis Child 2001; 85:177-9.
26. Mc Intyre J, Conroy S, Avery A, et al. Unlicensed and off label drug use in general practice. Arch Dis Child 2000;83:498-501.
27. Conroy S, Choonara I, Impicciatore P, et al. Unlicensed and off-label durg use in pediatrics wards in different Europeam countries. BMJ 2000;320:79-82.
28. Pandolfini C, Impicciatore P, Provasi D, et al. Prescrizioni off-label nei reparti di pediatria generale in Italia. Giorn Ital Far Clin 2001;15 (1):4-10.
29. Milano G. Non giochiamo con i farmaci. Panorama, 5/4/2001, pag. 187-90.
30. Bertzand P, Aranibar H, Castro E, Sanchez I. Efficacy of nebulized epinephrine versus salbutamol in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001;31(4):284-8.
31. Fitzgerald D, Mellis C, Johnson M, et al. Nebulised budesonide is as effective nebulised adrenaline in moderately severe croup. Pediatrics 1996;97(5):722-5.
32. Canciani M, Longo G. Novità nella terapia del croup. Medico e Bambino 1996;3:16-8.
33. Ausejo M, Saenz A, Pham B, et al. The effectiveness of glucocorticoids in treating croup: meta-analysis. BMJ 1999;319:595-600.
34. Griffin S, Ellis S, Fitzegald-Barron A, et al. Nebulised steroid in the treatment of croup: a systematic review of randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract 2000;50(451):135-41
35. Panizon F. Il crup. Medico e Bambino 2001;1:46-8.
36. Rosman NP, Colton T, Labazzo J, et al. A controlled trial of diazepam administred during febrile illnesses to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures. N Engl J Med 1993;329:79-84.
37. Marchetti F, Bonati M. Convulsioni febbrili: quali novità? Medico e Bambino 1995;2: 31-3.
38. Offringa M, Moyer VA. Evidence based management of seizures associated with fever. BMJ 2001;323:1111-4.
39. Chang AB, Phelan PD, Carlin JB, Sawyer SM, Robertson CF. A randomised, placebo controlled trial of inhaled salbutamol and beclomethasone for recurrent cough. Arch Dis Child 1998;79:6-11.
40. Chavasse RJ, Bastian-Lee Y, Richter H, Hilliard T Seddon P. Inhaled salbutamol for wheezy infants: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:370-5.
41. Miselli M. Gastroprotezione e corticosteroidi. Informazione sui farmaci 2001;25(2-3): 54-5.
42. Marchetti F. Ricerca in pediatria di famiglia. Medico e Bambino 2001;5:293-6.
43. Editorial. The tightening grip of big pharma. Lancet 2001;357:1141.
44. Conti Nibali S, Siracusano MF. Releasing the grip of big pharma. Lancet 2001;358:664.
45. Editorial. Sponsorship, authorship and accountability. N Engl J Med 2001;345:825-7.
46. Bonati M, Impicciatore P, Pandolfini C. Register of clinical trials in children must be set up. BMJ 2000;130:1339-40.
47. Conti Nibali S, Marchetti F. Scrivere un protocollo di ricerca collaborativa. Quaderni ACP 2000;6:10-2.
48. Menniti-Ippolito F, Raschetti R, De Cas R, Giaquinto C, Cantautori L, for the Pediatric Pharmacosurveillance Multicenter Group. Active monitoring of adverse drug reaction in children. Lancet 2000;355:1613-4.
49. Finkelstein JA, Davis RL, Dowell SF, et al. Reducing antibiotic in children: a randomised trial in 12 practices. Pediatrics 2001;108(1):1-7.
50. Farmer P. The major infectious diseases in the world-to treat or not to treat? N Engl J Med 2001;345:208-10.