Controversie
Streptococco: tra il dire e il fare, ovvero sulla conflittualità tra le raccomandazioni ufficiali e la pratica quotidiana
BETA-HEMOLITICUS GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS: THE DIFFICULT PATH FROM GUIDELINES TO PRACTICE
VALENTINA LEONE, FRANCO PANIZON
Dipartimento di Scienze della Riproduzione e dello Sviluppo, Università di Trieste
Giugno 2002 - pagg. 377 -382
Abstract
In the light of scientific evidence, the Authors discuss the official statements by paediatric
societies with regard to: use of rapid group A Streptococcus diagnostic test (RADT), need to
confirm the diagnosis by culture from pharyngeal swab, treatment of group A Streptococcus
pharyngitis, and need for eradication. The official statements are too rigid and not sufficiently
updated.
Parole chiave
Beta-hemoliticus group A Streptococcus
Febbre reumatica
linee guida di trattamento dello Streptococco di gruppo A
Linee guida di trattamento per lo Streptococco di gruppo A
Rapid group A Streptococcus diagnostic test
Rheumatic fever
Streptococcus gruppo A beta-emolitico
Test diagnostico rapido dello Streptococco di gruppo A
Treatment guidelines for group A Streptococcus
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
2001;344:205-11.
2. Group A streptococcal infections. In: Pickering LK. Ed 2000. Red Book report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25th Ed. Elk Grove Villag Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics 2000:522-32.
3. Dajani A, Taubert K, Ferrieri P, et al. Treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis and prevention of rheumatic fever: a statement for health professionals. Pediatrics 1995;96:758- 64.
4. Hayes CS, Williamson H Jr. Management of Group-A beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2001;63:1557-64.
5. Todd JK. Group A Streptococcus. In: Behrman RT, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB. Nelson Texbook of Pediatrics. 16th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 2000.
6. Tanz RR. Convenient schedules and short course treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:569- 70.
7. Pichichero ME, Gooch WM. Comparison of cefdinir and penicillin V in the treatment of pediatric streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:S171-3.
8. Adam D, Scholz H, Helmerking M. Shortcourse antibiotic treatment of 4782 culture-proven cases of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis and incidence of post-streptococcal sequelae. J Infect Dis 2000;182:509-16.
9. Pichichero ME, Green JL, Francis AB. Recurrent group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr infect Dis J 1998;17(9):809-15.
10. Hofer C, Binns HJ, Tanz RR. Strategies for managing group A streptococcal pharyngitis. A survey of board-certified pediatricians. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151(8):824-9.
11. Schwartz RH, Gerber MA, McKay K. Pharyngeal findings of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152:927-8.
12. Attia MW, Zaoutis T, Klein JD, Meier FA. Performance of a predictive model for streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:687-91.
13. Gerber MA, Tanz RR, Kabat W, et al. Optical immunoassay tests for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis; an office-based multicenter investigation. JAMA 1997; 277:899-903.
14. Mayes T, Pichichero ME. Are follow-up throat culture necessary when rapid antigen detection test are negative for group A streptococci? Clinical Pediatrics 2001;40:191-5.
15. Schlager TA, Hayden GA, Woods WA, et al. Optical immunoassay for rapid detection of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci: should culture be replaced? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:245.
16. Pichichero ME, Marsocci SM, Murphy ML, et al. Incidence of streptococcal carriers in private pediatric practice. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:624-8.
17. Peyramond D, Portier H, Gaslin P, Cohen R. 6-day amoxicillin versus 10-day penicillin V for group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal acute tonsillitis in adults: a French multicentre, open-label, randomised study. The French Study Group Clamorange. Scand J Infect Dis 1996;28(5):497-501.
18. Cohen R, Levy C, Doit C, et al. Six-day amoxicillin vs. ten-day penicillin V therapy for group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15(8):678-82.
19. Neeman R, Keller N, Barzilai A, et al. Prevalence of internalisation-associated gene prtF1 among persisting group A Streptococcus strains isolated from asymptomatic carriers. Lancet 1998;352:1974.
20. Molinari G, Rhode M, Talay SR, et al. Role played by the group A streptococcal negative regulator Nra on bacterial interaction with epithelial cells. Mol Microbiol 2001;40:99.
21. Podbleski A, Kreikemeyer B. Persistence of group A streptococci in eukariotic cells - a safe place? Lancet 2001;358:3.
22. Kaplan EL, Johnson DR, Del Rosario MC, Horn LD. Susceptibility of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci to thirteen antibiotics: examination of 301 strains isolated in the United States between 1994 and 1997. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:1069-72.
23. Macris MH, Hartman N, Murray B, et al. Studies of the continuing susceptibility of group A streptococcal strains to penicillin during eight decades. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:377-81.
24. Denny FW, Wannamaker LW, Brink WR, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever: treating of preceding streptococci infection. JAMA 1950; 143:151-3.
25. Tsevat J, Kotagal UR. Management sore throats in children, a cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:681-8.
26. Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaaltney JM, et al. Diagnosis and management of Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis: a practice guideline. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997;25:574-83.
27. Tanz RR, Shulman ST, Barthel MJ, et al. Penicillin plus rifampicin eradicates pharyngeal carriage of group A streptococci. J Pediatr 1985;106:876-80.
28. Lan AJ, Coloford JM. The impact of dosing frequency on the efficacy of 10-day penicillin or amoxicillin therapy for tonsillopharyngitis: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2000; 105(2). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ful/1 05/2/e19.
29. Wannamaker LW, Rammelkamp CH, Denny FW, et al. Prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever by treatment of the preceding streptococcal infection with various amounts of depot penicillin. Am J Med 1951;10:673-95.
30. Avanzini C, Bosio K, Volpe G, et al. Streptococcus pyogenes collected in Torino (northwest Italy) between 1983 and 1998: survey of macrolide resistance and trend of genotype by RAPD. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6(4):289-95.
31. Pichichero ME, Gooch WM, Rodriguez WR, et al. Effective short-course treatment of acute group A b-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:1053-60.
32. Aujard Y, Boucot I, Brahimi N, et al. Comparative efficacy of four-day cefuroxime axetil and ten-day penicillin treatment of group A beta- hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:295-300.
33. Pichichero ME. Cephalosporins are superior to penicillin for treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: is the difference worth it? Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:268-74.
34. Gerber MA, Tanz RR, Kabat W, et al. Potential mechanism for failure to eradicate group A streptococci from the pharynx. Pediatrics 1999;104:911-7.
35. Bass JW, Person DA, Chan DS. Twice-daily oral penicillin for treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis: less is best. Pediatrics 2000; 105 (2):423-4.
36. Shvartzman P, Tabenkin H, Rosentzwaig A, Dolginov F. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with amoxicillin once a day. BMJ 1993;306:1170-2.
37. Feder HM, Gerber MA, Randolph MF, et al. Once-daily therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis with amoxicillin. Pediatrics 1999; 103(1):47-51.
38. Gorber MA, Tanz RR. New approaches to the treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001;13(2):51-5.
2. Group A streptococcal infections. In: Pickering LK. Ed 2000. Red Book report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25th Ed. Elk Grove Villag Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics 2000:522-32.
3. Dajani A, Taubert K, Ferrieri P, et al. Treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis and prevention of rheumatic fever: a statement for health professionals. Pediatrics 1995;96:758- 64.
4. Hayes CS, Williamson H Jr. Management of Group-A beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2001;63:1557-64.
5. Todd JK. Group A Streptococcus. In: Behrman RT, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB. Nelson Texbook of Pediatrics. 16th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 2000.
6. Tanz RR. Convenient schedules and short course treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:569- 70.
7. Pichichero ME, Gooch WM. Comparison of cefdinir and penicillin V in the treatment of pediatric streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:S171-3.
8. Adam D, Scholz H, Helmerking M. Shortcourse antibiotic treatment of 4782 culture-proven cases of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis and incidence of post-streptococcal sequelae. J Infect Dis 2000;182:509-16.
9. Pichichero ME, Green JL, Francis AB. Recurrent group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr infect Dis J 1998;17(9):809-15.
10. Hofer C, Binns HJ, Tanz RR. Strategies for managing group A streptococcal pharyngitis. A survey of board-certified pediatricians. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151(8):824-9.
11. Schwartz RH, Gerber MA, McKay K. Pharyngeal findings of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152:927-8.
12. Attia MW, Zaoutis T, Klein JD, Meier FA. Performance of a predictive model for streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:687-91.
13. Gerber MA, Tanz RR, Kabat W, et al. Optical immunoassay tests for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis; an office-based multicenter investigation. JAMA 1997; 277:899-903.
14. Mayes T, Pichichero ME. Are follow-up throat culture necessary when rapid antigen detection test are negative for group A streptococci? Clinical Pediatrics 2001;40:191-5.
15. Schlager TA, Hayden GA, Woods WA, et al. Optical immunoassay for rapid detection of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci: should culture be replaced? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:245.
16. Pichichero ME, Marsocci SM, Murphy ML, et al. Incidence of streptococcal carriers in private pediatric practice. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:624-8.
17. Peyramond D, Portier H, Gaslin P, Cohen R. 6-day amoxicillin versus 10-day penicillin V for group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal acute tonsillitis in adults: a French multicentre, open-label, randomised study. The French Study Group Clamorange. Scand J Infect Dis 1996;28(5):497-501.
18. Cohen R, Levy C, Doit C, et al. Six-day amoxicillin vs. ten-day penicillin V therapy for group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15(8):678-82.
19. Neeman R, Keller N, Barzilai A, et al. Prevalence of internalisation-associated gene prtF1 among persisting group A Streptococcus strains isolated from asymptomatic carriers. Lancet 1998;352:1974.
20. Molinari G, Rhode M, Talay SR, et al. Role played by the group A streptococcal negative regulator Nra on bacterial interaction with epithelial cells. Mol Microbiol 2001;40:99.
21. Podbleski A, Kreikemeyer B. Persistence of group A streptococci in eukariotic cells - a safe place? Lancet 2001;358:3.
22. Kaplan EL, Johnson DR, Del Rosario MC, Horn LD. Susceptibility of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci to thirteen antibiotics: examination of 301 strains isolated in the United States between 1994 and 1997. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:1069-72.
23. Macris MH, Hartman N, Murray B, et al. Studies of the continuing susceptibility of group A streptococcal strains to penicillin during eight decades. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:377-81.
24. Denny FW, Wannamaker LW, Brink WR, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever: treating of preceding streptococci infection. JAMA 1950; 143:151-3.
25. Tsevat J, Kotagal UR. Management sore throats in children, a cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:681-8.
26. Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaaltney JM, et al. Diagnosis and management of Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis: a practice guideline. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997;25:574-83.
27. Tanz RR, Shulman ST, Barthel MJ, et al. Penicillin plus rifampicin eradicates pharyngeal carriage of group A streptococci. J Pediatr 1985;106:876-80.
28. Lan AJ, Coloford JM. The impact of dosing frequency on the efficacy of 10-day penicillin or amoxicillin therapy for tonsillopharyngitis: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2000; 105(2). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ful/1 05/2/e19.
29. Wannamaker LW, Rammelkamp CH, Denny FW, et al. Prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever by treatment of the preceding streptococcal infection with various amounts of depot penicillin. Am J Med 1951;10:673-95.
30. Avanzini C, Bosio K, Volpe G, et al. Streptococcus pyogenes collected in Torino (northwest Italy) between 1983 and 1998: survey of macrolide resistance and trend of genotype by RAPD. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6(4):289-95.
31. Pichichero ME, Gooch WM, Rodriguez WR, et al. Effective short-course treatment of acute group A b-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:1053-60.
32. Aujard Y, Boucot I, Brahimi N, et al. Comparative efficacy of four-day cefuroxime axetil and ten-day penicillin treatment of group A beta- hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:295-300.
33. Pichichero ME. Cephalosporins are superior to penicillin for treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: is the difference worth it? Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:268-74.
34. Gerber MA, Tanz RR, Kabat W, et al. Potential mechanism for failure to eradicate group A streptococci from the pharynx. Pediatrics 1999;104:911-7.
35. Bass JW, Person DA, Chan DS. Twice-daily oral penicillin for treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis: less is best. Pediatrics 2000; 105 (2):423-4.
36. Shvartzman P, Tabenkin H, Rosentzwaig A, Dolginov F. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with amoxicillin once a day. BMJ 1993;306:1170-2.
37. Feder HM, Gerber MA, Randolph MF, et al. Once-daily therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis with amoxicillin. Pediatrics 1999; 103(1):47-51.
38. Gorber MA, Tanz RR. New approaches to the treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001;13(2):51-5.