Problemi correnti
Salute della donna e lattazione
BREASTFEEDING AND WOMEN’S HEALTH
RICCARDO DAVANZO, IRENE BRUNO
UO di Neonatologia e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste
Febbraio 2003 - pagg. 105 -113
Abstract
The Authors carried out a literature review on the effects of breastfeeding (BF) on women’s
health to provide an overview of existing evidence. Established knowledge includes the following:
exclusive BF for the first six months in the absence of menstrual cycles is a very effective
contraceptive method; there is evidence suggesting some protective effect on osteoporosis,
breast cancer and cancer of the cervix; there is no evidence of association between BF and
post partum depression: on the contrary, BF seems capable to improve self-esteem and to reduce
anxiety; BF has a regulatory effect on body weight and does not represent a contraindication
to physical exercise; BF does not cause hair loss. In conclusion, BF brings no harm
and many benefits to women’s health.
Parole chiave
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Mortensen EL, et al. The association
between duration of breastfeeding and adult
intelligence. JAMA 2002; 287(18):2365-71.
2. Jain A, Concato J, Leventhal JM. How good is the evidence linking breastfeeding and intelligence? Pediatrics 2002;109:1044-53.
3. Armstrong J and the Child Health Information Team. Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity. Lancet 2002;359: 2003-4.
4. Ivarson A, et al. Breastfeeding protects against celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75 (5):914-21.
5. Celi L. Son tutte belle le mamme del mondo. La balia forzata. Specchio de La Stampa, 27 marzo 1999;N°166:30.
6. Kennedy KI. Effects of breastfeeding on women’s health. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1994;47 (Suppl):S11-S21.
7. Lawrence RA, Howard CR. Given the benefits of breastfeeding, are there any contraindications? Clinics in Perinatology 1999;26(2): 491-503.
8. Labbok MH. Health sequelae of breast-feeding for the mother. Clinics in Perinatology 1999;26(2):491-503.
9. Breastfeeding and sexual relations. In: Matthews Grieco SF, Corsini CA. Historical Perspectives on Breastfeeding. Firenze: Istituto degli Innocenti e UNICEF, Ottobre 1991:18.
10. Kennedy KI. Efficacy and effectiveness of lam. In: Integrating populations outcomes, biological mechanisms and research methods in the study of human milk and lactation. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2002: 207-16.
11. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50.302 women with breast cancer and 96.973 women without the disease. Lancet 2002;360:187-95.
12. Siskind V, et al. Breastfeeding, menopause and epithelial ovarian cancer. Epidemiology 1997;8:188-91.
13. Specker BL, et al. Calcium kinetics in lactating women with low and high calcium intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(3):593-9.
14. Kalkwarf HJ, Specker BL, Ho M. Effects of calcium supplementation on calcium homeostasis and bone turnover in lactating women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(2):464- 70.
15. Kalkwarf HJ, Specker BL. Bone mineral changes during pregnancy and lactation. Endocrine 2002;17(1):49-53.
16. Affinito P, et al. Changes in bone mineral density and calcium metabolism in breastfeeding women: a one year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2314-18.
17. Specker BL, Tsang RC, Ho M. Changes in calcium homeostasis over the first year postpartum: effect of lactation and weaning. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78(1):56-62.
18. Laskey MA, Prentice A. Effect of pregnancy on recovery of lactational bone loss. Lancet 1997;349:1518-9.
19. Kalkwarf HJ, et al. Intestinal calcium absorbption of women during lactation and after weaning. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63(4):526-31.
20. Henderson PH, et al. Bone mineral density in grand multiparous women with extended lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1371-7.
21. Anai T, et al. Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis with elevated levels of circulating parathyroid hormone related protein: a report of 2 cases. J Obstet Gynecol Res 1999;25(1):63-7.
22. Kalkwarf HJ, et al. The effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during lactation and after weaning. N Engl J Med 1997;337:523-8.
23. Kreiger N, et al. An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:141-8.
24. Alderman BW, et al. Reproductive history and postmenopausal risk of hip and forearm fracture. Am J Epidemiol 1986:124:262-7.
25. Cumming RG, Klineberg RJ. Breastfeeding and other reproductive factors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly women. Int J Epidemiol 1993;22:684-91.
26. Boonyaratavei N, et al. Physical activity and risk factors for hip fractures. In: Thai women. Osteoporos Int 2001;12(3):244-8.
27. Podoshin ET, et al. Oral contraceptive pills and clinical otosclerosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1978;15(6):554-5.
28. Gristwood RD, Venables WN. Pregnancy and otosclerosis. Clin Otorinolaryngol 1983; 8(3):205-10.
29. Knudsen A, Pedersen H, Klebe JG. Impact of smoking on the duration of breastfeeding in mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Pediatr 2001;90:926-30.
30. McKinney PA, et al. Perinatal and neonatal determinants of childhood type 1 diabetes. A case-controlled study in Yorkshire, UK. Diabetes Care 1999;222(6):928-32.
31. Meloni T, et al. IDDM and early infant feeding. Sardinian case-control study. Diabetes Care 1997;20(3):340-2.
32. Confavreux C, et al. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:285-91.
33. Silman AJ, Pearson JE. Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res 2002;4(suppl 3):S265-S272.
34. Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM. Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical profession. 5th Editon. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999.
35. La Leche League International. The breastfeeding answer book. Revised Edition, 1997.
36. Riordan J, Auerbach KG. Breastfeeding and human lactation. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 1999.
37. Minchin M. Breastfeeding matters. 4th Ed. Alma Publication, 1998.
38. Gjerdingen DK, et al. Changes in women’s physical health during the first postpartum year. Arch Fam Med 1993;2(3):227-83.
39. World Health Organization. Energy and protein requirements. Geneva: WHO, 1985 (WHO technical report series 724).
40. Van Raaij JM, et al. Energy cost of lactation, and energy balances of well-nourished Dutch lactatin women: reappraisal of the extra energy requirements of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:612-9.
41. Illingworth PJ, et al. Diminution in energy expenditure during lactation. Br Med J 1986; 292:437-40.
42. Butte NF, et al. Body composition changes during lactation are highly variable among women. J Nutr 1998;128(Suppl):381S- 385S.
43. Wallace JP, et al. Infant acceptance of postexercise breast milk. Pediatrics 1992;89: 12245-7.
44. Wright KS, et al. Infant acceptance of breast milk after maternal exercise. Pediatrics 2002;109(4):585-9.
45. McCrory MA. Aerobic exercise during lactation: safe, healthful and compatible. J Human Lact 2000;16(2);95-8.
46. Lovelady CA, et al. Lactation performances of exercising women. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52:103-9.
47. Dewey KG, et al. A randomized study of the effects of anaerobic exercise by lactating women on breast milk volume and composition. N Engl J Med 1994;330:449-53.
48. Loveday CA, et al. The effect of weight loss in overweight, lactating women on the growth of their infants. N Engl J Med 2000;342:449- 53.
49. Butte NF. Dieting and exercise in overweight, lactating women (Editoriale). N Engl J Med 2000;342(7):502-3.
50. Peters W, Smith D, Lugowski S. Silicon assays in women with and without silicone gel breast implants: a review. Ann Plast Surg 1999;43(3):324-30.
51. Semple JL, et al. Breast-feeding contamination and silicone implants: preliminary results using silicon as a proxy measurement for silicone. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102(2): 528- 33.
52. Levine JJ, Ilowite NT. Sclerodermalike esophageal disease in children breast-fed by mothers with silicone breast implants. JAMA 1994;271:213.
53. O’Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression: a meta analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996;8:37-54.
54. Pop CJM, et al. Prevalence of post-partum depression - or is it post-partum depression? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:354-8.
55. Wisner KL, et al. Psychobiology of postpartum mood disorders. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1997;15:777-89.
56. Locklin MP, Naber SJ. Does breastfeeding empower women? Insights from a select group of educated, low-income, minority women. Birth 1999;20(1):30-5.
57. Abou-Saleh MT, et al. Hormonal aspects of postpartum depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998;23(5):465-75.
58. Romito P. Postpartum depression and the experince of motherhood. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1990;69(Suppl):154.
59. Pazzagli E, Benvenuti P, Rossi Monti M. Maternitŕ come crisi. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore, 1981.
60. Romito P. La depressione dopo il parto. Nascita di un figlio e disagio delle madri. Il Mulino, 1992.
61. Misri S, Sinclair DA, Kuan AJ. Breast-feeding and post-partum depression: is there a relationship? Can J Psychiatry 1997;42(10): 1061-5.
62. Wisner KL, et al. Postpartum depression. N Engl J Med 2002;347(3):194-9.
63. Psychologic problems while breastfeeding. In: Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM. Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical profession. 5th Editon. St. Louis Mosby, 1999.
64. Hopkins J, Marcus M, Campbell S. Postpartum depression: a critical review. Psychological Bullettin 1984;95(3):498-515.
65. Heneghan AM, et al. Do pediatricians recognize mothers with depressive symptoms? Pediatrics 2000;106(6):1367-73.
66. Murray L, Cooper PJ, Stein A. Postnatal depression and infant development. Br Med J 1991;302:978-9.
67. Schwartz CE, et al. Maternal expressed emotion and parental affective disorder: risk for childhood depressive disorder, substance abuse or conduct disorder. J Psychiatr Res 1990;24:231-50.
68. Peveler R, Carson A, Rodin G. Depression in medical patients. Br Med J 2002;325:149-52.
69. Roncoroni I, Davanzo R. Farmaci ed allattamento al seno (pag 199-231). In: La farmacoterapia 2002 nell’era della evidence based medicine. A cura di Stefano Govoni. Pavia: Ed. Selecta Medica, 2002.
70. Davanzo R, et al. Raccomandazioni della Societŕ Italiana di Neonatologia sull’allattamento materno per i nati a termine, di peso appropriato, sani. Bollettino della Societŕ Italiana di Medicina Perinatale 2002;4(2):15-23.
71. Johanson AS, et al. Breastfeeding after reduction mammaplasty and augmentation mammaplasty. Epidemiology 2003;14(1):127- 9.
2. Jain A, Concato J, Leventhal JM. How good is the evidence linking breastfeeding and intelligence? Pediatrics 2002;109:1044-53.
3. Armstrong J and the Child Health Information Team. Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity. Lancet 2002;359: 2003-4.
4. Ivarson A, et al. Breastfeeding protects against celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75 (5):914-21.
5. Celi L. Son tutte belle le mamme del mondo. La balia forzata. Specchio de La Stampa, 27 marzo 1999;N°166:30.
6. Kennedy KI. Effects of breastfeeding on women’s health. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1994;47 (Suppl):S11-S21.
7. Lawrence RA, Howard CR. Given the benefits of breastfeeding, are there any contraindications? Clinics in Perinatology 1999;26(2): 491-503.
8. Labbok MH. Health sequelae of breast-feeding for the mother. Clinics in Perinatology 1999;26(2):491-503.
9. Breastfeeding and sexual relations. In: Matthews Grieco SF, Corsini CA. Historical Perspectives on Breastfeeding. Firenze: Istituto degli Innocenti e UNICEF, Ottobre 1991:18.
10. Kennedy KI. Efficacy and effectiveness of lam. In: Integrating populations outcomes, biological mechanisms and research methods in the study of human milk and lactation. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2002: 207-16.
11. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50.302 women with breast cancer and 96.973 women without the disease. Lancet 2002;360:187-95.
12. Siskind V, et al. Breastfeeding, menopause and epithelial ovarian cancer. Epidemiology 1997;8:188-91.
13. Specker BL, et al. Calcium kinetics in lactating women with low and high calcium intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(3):593-9.
14. Kalkwarf HJ, Specker BL, Ho M. Effects of calcium supplementation on calcium homeostasis and bone turnover in lactating women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(2):464- 70.
15. Kalkwarf HJ, Specker BL. Bone mineral changes during pregnancy and lactation. Endocrine 2002;17(1):49-53.
16. Affinito P, et al. Changes in bone mineral density and calcium metabolism in breastfeeding women: a one year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2314-18.
17. Specker BL, Tsang RC, Ho M. Changes in calcium homeostasis over the first year postpartum: effect of lactation and weaning. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78(1):56-62.
18. Laskey MA, Prentice A. Effect of pregnancy on recovery of lactational bone loss. Lancet 1997;349:1518-9.
19. Kalkwarf HJ, et al. Intestinal calcium absorbption of women during lactation and after weaning. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63(4):526-31.
20. Henderson PH, et al. Bone mineral density in grand multiparous women with extended lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1371-7.
21. Anai T, et al. Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis with elevated levels of circulating parathyroid hormone related protein: a report of 2 cases. J Obstet Gynecol Res 1999;25(1):63-7.
22. Kalkwarf HJ, et al. The effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during lactation and after weaning. N Engl J Med 1997;337:523-8.
23. Kreiger N, et al. An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:141-8.
24. Alderman BW, et al. Reproductive history and postmenopausal risk of hip and forearm fracture. Am J Epidemiol 1986:124:262-7.
25. Cumming RG, Klineberg RJ. Breastfeeding and other reproductive factors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly women. Int J Epidemiol 1993;22:684-91.
26. Boonyaratavei N, et al. Physical activity and risk factors for hip fractures. In: Thai women. Osteoporos Int 2001;12(3):244-8.
27. Podoshin ET, et al. Oral contraceptive pills and clinical otosclerosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1978;15(6):554-5.
28. Gristwood RD, Venables WN. Pregnancy and otosclerosis. Clin Otorinolaryngol 1983; 8(3):205-10.
29. Knudsen A, Pedersen H, Klebe JG. Impact of smoking on the duration of breastfeeding in mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Pediatr 2001;90:926-30.
30. McKinney PA, et al. Perinatal and neonatal determinants of childhood type 1 diabetes. A case-controlled study in Yorkshire, UK. Diabetes Care 1999;222(6):928-32.
31. Meloni T, et al. IDDM and early infant feeding. Sardinian case-control study. Diabetes Care 1997;20(3):340-2.
32. Confavreux C, et al. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:285-91.
33. Silman AJ, Pearson JE. Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res 2002;4(suppl 3):S265-S272.
34. Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM. Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical profession. 5th Editon. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999.
35. La Leche League International. The breastfeeding answer book. Revised Edition, 1997.
36. Riordan J, Auerbach KG. Breastfeeding and human lactation. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 1999.
37. Minchin M. Breastfeeding matters. 4th Ed. Alma Publication, 1998.
38. Gjerdingen DK, et al. Changes in women’s physical health during the first postpartum year. Arch Fam Med 1993;2(3):227-83.
39. World Health Organization. Energy and protein requirements. Geneva: WHO, 1985 (WHO technical report series 724).
40. Van Raaij JM, et al. Energy cost of lactation, and energy balances of well-nourished Dutch lactatin women: reappraisal of the extra energy requirements of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:612-9.
41. Illingworth PJ, et al. Diminution in energy expenditure during lactation. Br Med J 1986; 292:437-40.
42. Butte NF, et al. Body composition changes during lactation are highly variable among women. J Nutr 1998;128(Suppl):381S- 385S.
43. Wallace JP, et al. Infant acceptance of postexercise breast milk. Pediatrics 1992;89: 12245-7.
44. Wright KS, et al. Infant acceptance of breast milk after maternal exercise. Pediatrics 2002;109(4):585-9.
45. McCrory MA. Aerobic exercise during lactation: safe, healthful and compatible. J Human Lact 2000;16(2);95-8.
46. Lovelady CA, et al. Lactation performances of exercising women. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52:103-9.
47. Dewey KG, et al. A randomized study of the effects of anaerobic exercise by lactating women on breast milk volume and composition. N Engl J Med 1994;330:449-53.
48. Loveday CA, et al. The effect of weight loss in overweight, lactating women on the growth of their infants. N Engl J Med 2000;342:449- 53.
49. Butte NF. Dieting and exercise in overweight, lactating women (Editoriale). N Engl J Med 2000;342(7):502-3.
50. Peters W, Smith D, Lugowski S. Silicon assays in women with and without silicone gel breast implants: a review. Ann Plast Surg 1999;43(3):324-30.
51. Semple JL, et al. Breast-feeding contamination and silicone implants: preliminary results using silicon as a proxy measurement for silicone. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102(2): 528- 33.
52. Levine JJ, Ilowite NT. Sclerodermalike esophageal disease in children breast-fed by mothers with silicone breast implants. JAMA 1994;271:213.
53. O’Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression: a meta analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996;8:37-54.
54. Pop CJM, et al. Prevalence of post-partum depression - or is it post-partum depression? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:354-8.
55. Wisner KL, et al. Psychobiology of postpartum mood disorders. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1997;15:777-89.
56. Locklin MP, Naber SJ. Does breastfeeding empower women? Insights from a select group of educated, low-income, minority women. Birth 1999;20(1):30-5.
57. Abou-Saleh MT, et al. Hormonal aspects of postpartum depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998;23(5):465-75.
58. Romito P. Postpartum depression and the experince of motherhood. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1990;69(Suppl):154.
59. Pazzagli E, Benvenuti P, Rossi Monti M. Maternitŕ come crisi. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore, 1981.
60. Romito P. La depressione dopo il parto. Nascita di un figlio e disagio delle madri. Il Mulino, 1992.
61. Misri S, Sinclair DA, Kuan AJ. Breast-feeding and post-partum depression: is there a relationship? Can J Psychiatry 1997;42(10): 1061-5.
62. Wisner KL, et al. Postpartum depression. N Engl J Med 2002;347(3):194-9.
63. Psychologic problems while breastfeeding. In: Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM. Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical profession. 5th Editon. St. Louis Mosby, 1999.
64. Hopkins J, Marcus M, Campbell S. Postpartum depression: a critical review. Psychological Bullettin 1984;95(3):498-515.
65. Heneghan AM, et al. Do pediatricians recognize mothers with depressive symptoms? Pediatrics 2000;106(6):1367-73.
66. Murray L, Cooper PJ, Stein A. Postnatal depression and infant development. Br Med J 1991;302:978-9.
67. Schwartz CE, et al. Maternal expressed emotion and parental affective disorder: risk for childhood depressive disorder, substance abuse or conduct disorder. J Psychiatr Res 1990;24:231-50.
68. Peveler R, Carson A, Rodin G. Depression in medical patients. Br Med J 2002;325:149-52.
69. Roncoroni I, Davanzo R. Farmaci ed allattamento al seno (pag 199-231). In: La farmacoterapia 2002 nell’era della evidence based medicine. A cura di Stefano Govoni. Pavia: Ed. Selecta Medica, 2002.
70. Davanzo R, et al. Raccomandazioni della Societŕ Italiana di Neonatologia sull’allattamento materno per i nati a termine, di peso appropriato, sani. Bollettino della Societŕ Italiana di Medicina Perinatale 2002;4(2):15-23.
71. Johanson AS, et al. Breastfeeding after reduction mammaplasty and augmentation mammaplasty. Epidemiology 2003;14(1):127- 9.