Problemi correnti
Fumo passivo: una questione pediatrica ma non solo
EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE AND CHILD HEALTH
FRANCO PANIZON
Professore Emerito, Dipartimento di Scienze della Riproduzione e dello Sviluppo, Universitΰ di Trieste
Marzo 2003 - pagg. 163 -169
Abstract
There is strong evidence that pre-natal exposure to tobacco smoke products increases the risk
of low birth weight infants and reduces mean birth weight for gestational age by about
10%. Strong associations are also observed with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), with
relative risks of 2-3-fold. Impaired early development and behaviour problems are more
frequently observed in young children who have been exposed to ETS. Consistent associations
and clear dose-response relations have been shown with childhood respiratory illnesses,
particularly bronchitis, middle ear disease and adenoidectomy. The development of allergy
and the likelihood of asthma are also increased by exposure to ETS, both during pregnancy
and after birth. A few studies have observed associations with childhood cancer. Prevention
of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is very important. Recent data show that these
interventions can be effective and that prevalence of smoking among parents is decreasing
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
Effetti prenatali: sulla fertilitΰ
1. Kulikauskas V, Blaustein D, Ablin JR. Cigerette smoking and its possible effects on sperm. Am Fertil Soc 1985;44:526.
2. Tuormaa TE. The adverse effects of tabacco smoking on reproduction and heath. A review from the literature. Nutr Health 1995;10:105. Effetti prenatali: sulla teratologia
3. Shaw MG, Wasserman RC, Lammer JE, et al. Orofacial cleft, parental cigarette smoking, and transforming growth-factor gene variants. Am J Hum Genet 1996:58.551.
4. Czeizel AE, Kodaj I, Lenz W. Smoking during pregnancy and congenital limb deficiency. BMJ 1994;308:1473.
5. Wasserman RC, Shaw MG, OMalley DC, et al. Parental cigarette smoking and risk for congenital anomalies of the heart, neural tube, or limb. Teratology 1996;53:261.
6. Hwang SJ, Beaty HY, Panny RS, et al. Association study of TGF-alfa Taq1 polymorfism and oral clefts: indication of gene-environment interaction in a population-based sample of infants with birth defects. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141:629. Effetti prenatali: sul comportamento del bambino
7. Olds DI, Henderson CR, Tatelbam R. Intelectual impairment in children of women who smoke cigarettes in pregnancy. Pediatrics 1994;93:288.
8. Drews CD, Murphy CC, Yeargin-Allsopp M, et al. The relationship between idiopatic mental retardation and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Pediatrics 1996;97:547.
9. Sexton M, Fox NL, Hebel JR. Prenatal exposure to tobacco. II. Effects on cognitive functioning at age three. Inter J Epidemiol 1990; 19:72.
10. Weitzman M, Gortmaker S, Sobol A. Maternal smoking and behaviour problems of children. Pediatrics 1992;90:342. Effetti prenatali: sullo sviluppo fetale
11. Charlton A. Children and passive smoking. A review. J Fam Pract 1994;38:267.
12. Wayne F. Smoking during pregnancy. Missouri longitudinal study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 1997:11(Suppl 1):73.
13. Di Franza RJ, Lew Al. Morbidity and mortality in children associated with the use of tobacco products by other people. Pediatrics 1996:97:560.
14. Royal College of Physicians. Passive smoking and the health of the fetus. In: Smoking and the young. London: The Royal College of Physicians of London, 1992.
15. Ahlsten G, Cnattingius S, Linmark G. Cessation of smoking during pregnancy improves foetal growth and reduces infant morbidity in the neonatal period. A population-based prospective study. Acta Paediatr 1993;82:177. Effetti pre/post natali: SIDS
16. Anderson HR, Coock DG. Health effects of passive smoking on pregnancy: complications and sudden infant death syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 1995;40:385.
17. Thornton AJ, Lee PN. Parental smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: a review of the evidence. Indoor Built Environ 1998;7:87.
18. Di Franza RJ, Robert AL. Effect of maternal cigarette smoking on pregnancy complications and sudden infant death syndrome. Fam Pract 1995;40:385.
19. Blair PS, Fleming PJ. A clinical comparison of SIDS and explained sudden infant deaths: how healty and how normal? Arch Dis Child 2000; 82:98.
20. Blair PS, Nadin P, Cole TJ. Changes in weight z scores may identify infants at increased risk. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:462.
21. Klonoff-Cohen H, Edelstein SL. Bed sharing and the suddden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1996;347:7.
22. Pharoah P. Bed sharing and sudden infant death. Lancet 1996;347:2.
23. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Bacon C, et al. Environment of infants during sleep and risk of sudden infant death sybdrome. Results of 1993-5 case control study for trhe confidential inquiry into still birth and death in infancy. BMJ 1996;313:191.
24. Mitchell EA. Co-sleeping and sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1996;348:1466.
25. Edner A, Katz-Salamon M, Lagerkrantz H, Milerad J. Hearth rate response profiles during head upright tilt test in infants with appearent life-theatening events. Arch Dis Child 1997:76:27.
26. Kahn A, Brosswasser J, Sottiaux M, et al. Perinatal exposure to cigarettes in infants with obstructive sleep apneas. Pediatrics 1994;93: 778.
27. Narita N, Narita M, Takashima S. Serotonin transport gene variation is a risk factor for sudden death syndrome in Japanese population. Pediatrics 2001;107:690. Atopia e asma
28. McConockie KM, Roghmann KJ. Breastfeeding and maternal smoking as predictors of wheezing in children aged 6 to 18 years. Pediatric Pulmonol 1986;2:260.
29. Zeiger RS, Heller S. The development and prediction of atopy in high-risk children: follow- up at age seven years in a prospective randomized study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995:95:1179.
30. Strachen DP, Butland BK, Anderson H. Incidence and prognosis of asthma and wheezing illness from early childhood to age 33 in a national British cohort. BMJ 1996;312:1195.
31. Balfour-Lynn I. Why do virus make infant wheeze? Arch Dis Child 1996;74:251.
32. Wright AQJ, Holberg GJ, Taussig IM, Martinez FD. Factors influencing the relation of infant feeding to asthma and recurrent wheeze in childhood. Thorax 2001;56:192.
33. Lampheas BP, Aligne CA, Auinger P, et al. Residential exposure associated with asthma in US Children. Pediatrics 2001;107:505.
34. Sears MR, Holdaway MB, Harlison GP, Silva PA. Parental and neonatal risk for atopy airway hyper-responsiveness and asthma. Arch Dis Child 1996:75:392.
35. Cook DG, Strachan DP, Carey IM. Health effects of passive smoking-9: Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children. Thorax 1998;53:884.
36. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effect of passive smoking-6: Parental smoking and childhood asthma. Longitudinal and case control studies. Thorax 1998;53:204.
37. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking and allergic sensitization in children. Thorax 1998;53:117. Infezioni respiratorie
38. Rantakallio P. Relationship of maternal smoking to morbility and morbidity of the child up to age of five. Acta Paediatr Scand 1997;67:621.
39. Kramer MJ, Richardson MA, Weiss NS, et al. Risk factors for persistent middle ear effusion otitis media catharralis, cigarette smoking exposure and atopy. JAMA 1983; 249:1022.
40. Black N. The aetiology of glue ear: a case control study Int. J Pediatr Othorynolaryngol 1985:9:121.
41. Etzel RA, Pattishall EN, Haley NJ, et al. Passive smoking and middle-ear effusion among children in day care. Pediatrics 1992; 90:228.
42. Strachan DP, Jarvis MJ, Feyerabend C. Passive smoking, salivary cotinine concentrations, and midle-ear effusion in 7 year old children BMJ 1989;298:1549.
43. Margolis PA, Keyes LL, Greenberg RA, et al. Urinary cotinine and parent history (questionnaire) as indicators of passive smoking and predictors of lower respiratory illness in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997;23:417.
44. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking-4: Parental smoking , middle ear disease and adenotonsillectomy in children. Thorax 1998;53:50.
45. Harlap S, Davies AM. Infant admission in the hospital and maternal smoking. Lancet 1974;i:529.
46. Colley JR, Holland WW, Corkhill RT. Influence of passive smoking and parental phlegm on pneumonia and bronchitis in early childhood. Lancet 1974; ii:1931.
47. Fergusson DM, Harwoo IJ, Shannon FT. Parental smoking and respirtory illness in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1980;55:358. Carcinogenesi
48. Tredaniel J, Boffetta P, Little J, et al. Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy and childhood and cancer risk: the epidemiological evidence. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 1994;8(3):233.
49. Thornton AJ, Lee PN. Parental smoking and risk of childhood cancer: a review of the evidence. Indoor Buit Environm 1998;7:87.
1. Kulikauskas V, Blaustein D, Ablin JR. Cigerette smoking and its possible effects on sperm. Am Fertil Soc 1985;44:526.
2. Tuormaa TE. The adverse effects of tabacco smoking on reproduction and heath. A review from the literature. Nutr Health 1995;10:105. Effetti prenatali: sulla teratologia
3. Shaw MG, Wasserman RC, Lammer JE, et al. Orofacial cleft, parental cigarette smoking, and transforming growth-factor gene variants. Am J Hum Genet 1996:58.551.
4. Czeizel AE, Kodaj I, Lenz W. Smoking during pregnancy and congenital limb deficiency. BMJ 1994;308:1473.
5. Wasserman RC, Shaw MG, OMalley DC, et al. Parental cigarette smoking and risk for congenital anomalies of the heart, neural tube, or limb. Teratology 1996;53:261.
6. Hwang SJ, Beaty HY, Panny RS, et al. Association study of TGF-alfa Taq1 polymorfism and oral clefts: indication of gene-environment interaction in a population-based sample of infants with birth defects. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141:629. Effetti prenatali: sul comportamento del bambino
7. Olds DI, Henderson CR, Tatelbam R. Intelectual impairment in children of women who smoke cigarettes in pregnancy. Pediatrics 1994;93:288.
8. Drews CD, Murphy CC, Yeargin-Allsopp M, et al. The relationship between idiopatic mental retardation and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Pediatrics 1996;97:547.
9. Sexton M, Fox NL, Hebel JR. Prenatal exposure to tobacco. II. Effects on cognitive functioning at age three. Inter J Epidemiol 1990; 19:72.
10. Weitzman M, Gortmaker S, Sobol A. Maternal smoking and behaviour problems of children. Pediatrics 1992;90:342. Effetti prenatali: sullo sviluppo fetale
11. Charlton A. Children and passive smoking. A review. J Fam Pract 1994;38:267.
12. Wayne F. Smoking during pregnancy. Missouri longitudinal study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 1997:11(Suppl 1):73.
13. Di Franza RJ, Lew Al. Morbidity and mortality in children associated with the use of tobacco products by other people. Pediatrics 1996:97:560.
14. Royal College of Physicians. Passive smoking and the health of the fetus. In: Smoking and the young. London: The Royal College of Physicians of London, 1992.
15. Ahlsten G, Cnattingius S, Linmark G. Cessation of smoking during pregnancy improves foetal growth and reduces infant morbidity in the neonatal period. A population-based prospective study. Acta Paediatr 1993;82:177. Effetti pre/post natali: SIDS
16. Anderson HR, Coock DG. Health effects of passive smoking on pregnancy: complications and sudden infant death syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 1995;40:385.
17. Thornton AJ, Lee PN. Parental smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: a review of the evidence. Indoor Built Environ 1998;7:87.
18. Di Franza RJ, Robert AL. Effect of maternal cigarette smoking on pregnancy complications and sudden infant death syndrome. Fam Pract 1995;40:385.
19. Blair PS, Fleming PJ. A clinical comparison of SIDS and explained sudden infant deaths: how healty and how normal? Arch Dis Child 2000; 82:98.
20. Blair PS, Nadin P, Cole TJ. Changes in weight z scores may identify infants at increased risk. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:462.
21. Klonoff-Cohen H, Edelstein SL. Bed sharing and the suddden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1996;347:7.
22. Pharoah P. Bed sharing and sudden infant death. Lancet 1996;347:2.
23. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Bacon C, et al. Environment of infants during sleep and risk of sudden infant death sybdrome. Results of 1993-5 case control study for trhe confidential inquiry into still birth and death in infancy. BMJ 1996;313:191.
24. Mitchell EA. Co-sleeping and sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1996;348:1466.
25. Edner A, Katz-Salamon M, Lagerkrantz H, Milerad J. Hearth rate response profiles during head upright tilt test in infants with appearent life-theatening events. Arch Dis Child 1997:76:27.
26. Kahn A, Brosswasser J, Sottiaux M, et al. Perinatal exposure to cigarettes in infants with obstructive sleep apneas. Pediatrics 1994;93: 778.
27. Narita N, Narita M, Takashima S. Serotonin transport gene variation is a risk factor for sudden death syndrome in Japanese population. Pediatrics 2001;107:690. Atopia e asma
28. McConockie KM, Roghmann KJ. Breastfeeding and maternal smoking as predictors of wheezing in children aged 6 to 18 years. Pediatric Pulmonol 1986;2:260.
29. Zeiger RS, Heller S. The development and prediction of atopy in high-risk children: follow- up at age seven years in a prospective randomized study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995:95:1179.
30. Strachen DP, Butland BK, Anderson H. Incidence and prognosis of asthma and wheezing illness from early childhood to age 33 in a national British cohort. BMJ 1996;312:1195.
31. Balfour-Lynn I. Why do virus make infant wheeze? Arch Dis Child 1996;74:251.
32. Wright AQJ, Holberg GJ, Taussig IM, Martinez FD. Factors influencing the relation of infant feeding to asthma and recurrent wheeze in childhood. Thorax 2001;56:192.
33. Lampheas BP, Aligne CA, Auinger P, et al. Residential exposure associated with asthma in US Children. Pediatrics 2001;107:505.
34. Sears MR, Holdaway MB, Harlison GP, Silva PA. Parental and neonatal risk for atopy airway hyper-responsiveness and asthma. Arch Dis Child 1996:75:392.
35. Cook DG, Strachan DP, Carey IM. Health effects of passive smoking-9: Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children. Thorax 1998;53:884.
36. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effect of passive smoking-6: Parental smoking and childhood asthma. Longitudinal and case control studies. Thorax 1998;53:204.
37. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking and allergic sensitization in children. Thorax 1998;53:117. Infezioni respiratorie
38. Rantakallio P. Relationship of maternal smoking to morbility and morbidity of the child up to age of five. Acta Paediatr Scand 1997;67:621.
39. Kramer MJ, Richardson MA, Weiss NS, et al. Risk factors for persistent middle ear effusion otitis media catharralis, cigarette smoking exposure and atopy. JAMA 1983; 249:1022.
40. Black N. The aetiology of glue ear: a case control study Int. J Pediatr Othorynolaryngol 1985:9:121.
41. Etzel RA, Pattishall EN, Haley NJ, et al. Passive smoking and middle-ear effusion among children in day care. Pediatrics 1992; 90:228.
42. Strachan DP, Jarvis MJ, Feyerabend C. Passive smoking, salivary cotinine concentrations, and midle-ear effusion in 7 year old children BMJ 1989;298:1549.
43. Margolis PA, Keyes LL, Greenberg RA, et al. Urinary cotinine and parent history (questionnaire) as indicators of passive smoking and predictors of lower respiratory illness in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997;23:417.
44. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking-4: Parental smoking , middle ear disease and adenotonsillectomy in children. Thorax 1998;53:50.
45. Harlap S, Davies AM. Infant admission in the hospital and maternal smoking. Lancet 1974;i:529.
46. Colley JR, Holland WW, Corkhill RT. Influence of passive smoking and parental phlegm on pneumonia and bronchitis in early childhood. Lancet 1974; ii:1931.
47. Fergusson DM, Harwoo IJ, Shannon FT. Parental smoking and respirtory illness in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1980;55:358. Carcinogenesi
48. Tredaniel J, Boffetta P, Little J, et al. Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy and childhood and cancer risk: the epidemiological evidence. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 1994;8(3):233.
49. Thornton AJ, Lee PN. Parental smoking and risk of childhood cancer: a review of the evidence. Indoor Buit Environm 1998;7:87.