Aggiornamento
Il fluoro nella profilassi della carie dentale
FLUORIDE PROPHYLAXIS OF DENTAL CARIES
ALBERTO MARTELLI, ROSARIO STARTARI, ROSANGELA ARANCIO, TERESITA SARRATUD, ALESSANDRO FIOCCHI
Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, AO Fatebenefratelli, UO di Pediatria, Ospedale Macedonio Melloni, Milano
Marzo 2004 - pagg. 159 -164
Abstract
There is strong evidence of the efficacy of fluoride in preventing dental caries. Water fluoridation
is the most cost-effective method. The optimal concentration of fluoride in the water is
1 mg/l. For all children assuming water with less than 0.7 mg/l, fluoride supplementation is
recommended with NaF or Na2FPO3. The recommended dosage, which has been recently reduced
to decrease the risk of dental fluorosis, is 0.25-0.5-1 mg/die. Given that 64% of Italian
children show one or more dental caries in permanent teeth, gynaecologists, paediatricians
and dentists have an important role to play in recommending adequate assumption of
fluoride during pregnancy and childhood
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Dean HT, Arnold FA, Evolve E. Domestic
water and dental caries V, additional studies
on the relation of fluoride domestic waters to
dental caries experience in 4.425 white children
aged 12-14 years, of 13 cities in 4 States.
Public Heath Report 1942;57:1155-79.
2. Kidd EAM, Joyston-Bechal S. Essentials of dental caries. Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 2002.
3. Wennhall I, Matsson L, Schroder U, Twetman S. Caries prevalence in 3-year-old children living in a low socio-economic multicultural urban area in southern Sweden. Swed Dent J 2002;26:167-72.
4. Thorild I, Lindau-Jonson B, Twetman S. Prevalence of salivary Streptococcus mutans in mothers and their preschool children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2002;12:2-7.
5. Mariri BP, Levy SM, Warren JJ, et al. Medically administered antibiotics, dietary habits, fluoride intake and dental caries experience in the primary dentition. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003;31:40-51.
6. Aoba T, Fejerskov O. Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13:155-70.
7. Jackson RD, Brizendine EJ, Kelly SA, et al. The fluoride content of foods and beverages from negligibly and optimally fluoridated communities. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:382-91.
8. Warnakulasuriya S, Harris C, Gelbier S, et al. Fluoride content of alcoholic beverages. Clin Chim Acta 2002;320:1-4.
9. Ketley CE, Cochran JA, Lennon MA, et al. Urinary fluoride excretion of young children exposed to different fluoride regimes. Community Dent Health 2002;19:12-7.
10. Khandare AL, Rao GS, Lakshmaiah N. Effect of tamarind ingestion on fluoride excretion in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002;56:82-5.
11. Haftenberger M, Viergutz G, Neumeister V, Hetzer G. Total fluoride intake and urinary excretion in German children aged 3-6 years. Caries Res 2001;35:451-7.
12. Caldera R, Laurent AM. Fluor in the amniotic fluid. Presse Med 1987;16:826.
13. Fitzsimons D, Dwyer JT, Palmer C, Boyd LD. Nutrition and oral health guidelines for pregnant women, infants, and children. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:182-6.
14. Brambilla E, Felloni A, Gagliani M, et al. Caries prevention during pregnancy: results of a 30-month study. JADA 1998;129:871-7.
15. Slavkovic V, Pantic V, Slavkovic-Andric M. The effect of knowledge regarding the importance of oral health in pregnancy. Srp Arh Celok Lek 1997;125:168-70.
16. Bartels D, Haney K, Khajotia SS. Fluoride concentrations in bottled water. J Okla Dent Assoc 2000;91:18-22.
17. Petersson LG, Arvidsson I, Lynch E, et al. Fluoride concentrations in saliva and dental plaque in young children after intake of fluoridated milk. Caries Res 2002;36:40-3.
18. Engstrom K, Petersson LG, Twetman S. Fluoride concentration in supragingival dental plaque after a single intake or habitual consumption of fluoridated milk. Acta Odontol Scand 2002;60:311-4.
19. Müller P, Schmid K, Warneke G, et al. Sodium fluoride-induced gastric mucosal lesions: comparison with sodium monofluorophosphate. Z Gastroenterol 1992;30:252-4.
20. Warneke G, Setnikar I. Effects of meal on the pharmacokinetics of fluoride from oral monofluorophosphate. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:590-5.
21. Riordan PJ. Fluoride supplements in caries prevention: a literature review and proposal for a newdosage schedale. J Public Health Dent 1993;53:174-89
22. Koparal E, Ertugrul F, Oztekin K. Fluoride levels in breast milk and infant foods. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2000;24:299-302.
23. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
24. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
25. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
26. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
27. Konig KG. New recommendations concerning the fluoride content of toddler toothpaste- consequences for systemic application of fluoride. Gesundheitswesen 2002;64:33-8.
28. Strohmenger L, Cagatti MG. Il fluoro nella prevenzione della carie. Quaderni di Pediatria. Congresso italiano di Pediatria. 2002;1:42-4.
29. FRWG - Fluoride Recommendations Work Group. Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2001;50(No. RR-14).
30. Singh PP, Barjatiya MK, Dhing S, et al. Evidence suggesting that high intake of fluoride provokes nephrolithiasis in tribal populations. Urol Res 2001;29:238-44.
31. Bowen WH. Fluorosis: is it really a problem? J Am Dent Assoc 2002;133:1405-7.
32. Levy SM, Hillis SL, Warren JJ, et al. Primary tooth fluorosis and fluoride intake during the first year of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:286-95.
33. Buzalaf MA, Granjeiro JM, Damante CA, de Ornelas F. Fluoride content of infant formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral and fluoridated drinking water. ASDC J Dent Child 2001;68:37-41.
34. Beltran-Aguilar ED, Griffin SO, Lockwood SA. Prevalence and trends in enamel fluorosis in the United States from the 1930s to 1980s. J Am Dent Assoc 2002;133:157-65.
35. Susheela AK, Bhatnagar M. Reversal of fluoride induced cell injury through elimination of fluoride and consumption of diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants. Mol Cell Biochem 2002;234-235:335-40.
36. Akpata ES. Occurrence and management of dental fluorosis. Int Dent J 2001;51:325-33.
37. Lewy SM, Warren JJ, Davis CS, et al. Patterns of fluoride intake from birth to 36 months. J Public Health Dent 2001;61:70-7.
38. Hansel Petersson G, Twetman S, Bratthall D. Evaluation of a computer program for caries risk assessment in schoolchildren. Caries Res 2002;36:327-40.
2. Kidd EAM, Joyston-Bechal S. Essentials of dental caries. Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 2002.
3. Wennhall I, Matsson L, Schroder U, Twetman S. Caries prevalence in 3-year-old children living in a low socio-economic multicultural urban area in southern Sweden. Swed Dent J 2002;26:167-72.
4. Thorild I, Lindau-Jonson B, Twetman S. Prevalence of salivary Streptococcus mutans in mothers and their preschool children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2002;12:2-7.
5. Mariri BP, Levy SM, Warren JJ, et al. Medically administered antibiotics, dietary habits, fluoride intake and dental caries experience in the primary dentition. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003;31:40-51.
6. Aoba T, Fejerskov O. Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13:155-70.
7. Jackson RD, Brizendine EJ, Kelly SA, et al. The fluoride content of foods and beverages from negligibly and optimally fluoridated communities. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:382-91.
8. Warnakulasuriya S, Harris C, Gelbier S, et al. Fluoride content of alcoholic beverages. Clin Chim Acta 2002;320:1-4.
9. Ketley CE, Cochran JA, Lennon MA, et al. Urinary fluoride excretion of young children exposed to different fluoride regimes. Community Dent Health 2002;19:12-7.
10. Khandare AL, Rao GS, Lakshmaiah N. Effect of tamarind ingestion on fluoride excretion in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002;56:82-5.
11. Haftenberger M, Viergutz G, Neumeister V, Hetzer G. Total fluoride intake and urinary excretion in German children aged 3-6 years. Caries Res 2001;35:451-7.
12. Caldera R, Laurent AM. Fluor in the amniotic fluid. Presse Med 1987;16:826.
13. Fitzsimons D, Dwyer JT, Palmer C, Boyd LD. Nutrition and oral health guidelines for pregnant women, infants, and children. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:182-6.
14. Brambilla E, Felloni A, Gagliani M, et al. Caries prevention during pregnancy: results of a 30-month study. JADA 1998;129:871-7.
15. Slavkovic V, Pantic V, Slavkovic-Andric M. The effect of knowledge regarding the importance of oral health in pregnancy. Srp Arh Celok Lek 1997;125:168-70.
16. Bartels D, Haney K, Khajotia SS. Fluoride concentrations in bottled water. J Okla Dent Assoc 2000;91:18-22.
17. Petersson LG, Arvidsson I, Lynch E, et al. Fluoride concentrations in saliva and dental plaque in young children after intake of fluoridated milk. Caries Res 2002;36:40-3.
18. Engstrom K, Petersson LG, Twetman S. Fluoride concentration in supragingival dental plaque after a single intake or habitual consumption of fluoridated milk. Acta Odontol Scand 2002;60:311-4.
19. Müller P, Schmid K, Warneke G, et al. Sodium fluoride-induced gastric mucosal lesions: comparison with sodium monofluorophosphate. Z Gastroenterol 1992;30:252-4.
20. Warneke G, Setnikar I. Effects of meal on the pharmacokinetics of fluoride from oral monofluorophosphate. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:590-5.
21. Riordan PJ. Fluoride supplements in caries prevention: a literature review and proposal for a newdosage schedale. J Public Health Dent 1993;53:174-89
22. Koparal E, Ertugrul F, Oztekin K. Fluoride levels in breast milk and infant foods. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2000;24:299-302.
23. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
24. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
25. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
26. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
27. Konig KG. New recommendations concerning the fluoride content of toddler toothpaste- consequences for systemic application of fluoride. Gesundheitswesen 2002;64:33-8.
28. Strohmenger L, Cagatti MG. Il fluoro nella prevenzione della carie. Quaderni di Pediatria. Congresso italiano di Pediatria. 2002;1:42-4.
29. FRWG - Fluoride Recommendations Work Group. Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2001;50(No. RR-14).
30. Singh PP, Barjatiya MK, Dhing S, et al. Evidence suggesting that high intake of fluoride provokes nephrolithiasis in tribal populations. Urol Res 2001;29:238-44.
31. Bowen WH. Fluorosis: is it really a problem? J Am Dent Assoc 2002;133:1405-7.
32. Levy SM, Hillis SL, Warren JJ, et al. Primary tooth fluorosis and fluoride intake during the first year of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:286-95.
33. Buzalaf MA, Granjeiro JM, Damante CA, de Ornelas F. Fluoride content of infant formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral and fluoridated drinking water. ASDC J Dent Child 2001;68:37-41.
34. Beltran-Aguilar ED, Griffin SO, Lockwood SA. Prevalence and trends in enamel fluorosis in the United States from the 1930s to 1980s. J Am Dent Assoc 2002;133:157-65.
35. Susheela AK, Bhatnagar M. Reversal of fluoride induced cell injury through elimination of fluoride and consumption of diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants. Mol Cell Biochem 2002;234-235:335-40.
36. Akpata ES. Occurrence and management of dental fluorosis. Int Dent J 2001;51:325-33.
37. Lewy SM, Warren JJ, Davis CS, et al. Patterns of fluoride intake from birth to 36 months. J Public Health Dent 2001;61:70-7.
38. Hansel Petersson G, Twetman S, Bratthall D. Evaluation of a computer program for caries risk assessment in schoolchildren. Caries Res 2002;36:327-40.