Aggiornamento
Le urgenze cardiologiche in età perinatale Parte I
CONGESTIVE HEARTH FAILURE IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD
UGO VAIRO1, PETRONILLA APPIO1, ROCCO LEONE1, MARIA VITTORIA SCHIAVO2, SERGIO MANIERI2, AMELIA SCAVONE2, CAROLINA IANNIELLO3, VITO MOLINARI3, GIULIO STRANGIO3, GIUSEPPE ADURNO4, MICHELE PRINCIPALE5, MARIA ROSARIA TAGLIENTE6, SAVINO MASTROPASQUA7, GABRIELE D’AMATO7, MARIA CRISTINA MENCOBONI8, GILBERTO DANESE8, NICOLA D’ANDREA8
1Cardiologia Pediatrica,
2Pediatria
3Terapia Intensiva Neonatale
4Terapia Intensiva Cardiopediatrica
5Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Azienda Ospedaliera San Carlo, Potenza;
6Cardiologia Pediatrica,
7Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Azienda Ospedaliera Di Venere - Giovanni XXIII, Bari;
8Pediatria e Neonatologia, Ospedale di Matera
Aprile 2004 - pagg. 225 -234
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump
enough blood to the body to meet its needs, to dispose of venous return adequately, or a combination
of the two. CHF in the newborn usually result from congenital heart disease with volume
and/or pressure overload; less frequently from primary miocardial disease or disorders
of cardiac rhythm. The clinical presentation is characterized by failure to feed and grow, tachycardia,
tachypnea/dyspnea, and enlarged liver. The maintenance of the patency of the
ductus arteriosus (DA) or the induction of its closure by the administration of, respectively, prostaglandin
or indometacin or ibuprofen represents the milestone for the management of critically
ill neonates. In most cases prompt interventional cardiac catheterization or surgery is
needed. Persistence of the fetal circulation and transient myocardial ischemia are self-limited
within a few weeks and require suitable therapy. The Authors report their large multidisciplinary
experience (catheter interventions, heart surgery and intensive care) in dealing with
such conditions in the neonatal period.
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Talner NS. Heart Failure. In: Adams FH.
Emmanouilides GC, Moss’ Heart Disease in
Infants, Children, and Adolescents 4 th ed.
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1989:660-75.
2. Calabrò R, Caso P, Vairo U, et al. Le urgenze in cardiologia pediatrica. In: Cardiological Intensive Care. Milano: Giorgio Caturelli, Librex, 1988:313-22.
3. Friedman WF. The intrinsic physiologic properties of the developing heart. In: Friedman WF, Lesch M, Sonnenblick E (eds). Neonatal heart disease. New York: Grume e 4. Rudolph AM. Congenital disease of the heart. Clinical-Physiologic considerations in diagnosis and management. Year Book Medical Publishers, 1974.
5. Artman M, Graham TP. Congestive heart failure in infancy: recognition and management. Am Heart J 1982;103:1040-55.
6. Rowe RD, Freedom RM, Mehrizi A. Heart failure in the newborn. In: The Neonate with Congenital Heart Disease. Saunders Company, 1981;150-65
7. Freed MD. Congestive heart failure. In: Nadas’ Pediatric Cardiology. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, Mosby-Year Book, 1992:63-72.
8. Antunez Jimenez ML, Bano Rodrigo A, Quero Jimenez M. Insuficienza cardiaca. In: Sanchez PA. Cardiologia Pediatrica. Clinica y Cirurgia. Salvat, 1986:1103-14.
9. Park MK. Congestive heart failure. In: Pediatric Cardiology for Practitioners 3/e. Mosby, 1995:401-11.
10. Dupui C, Kachaner J, Quero Jimenez M, Pernot C, Rey C. Insuffisance cardiaque d’origine extracardiaque. In: Cardiologie Pédiatrique. Paris: Flammarion Médecine-Sciences, 1981:580-3.
11. Fancini P, Vignati G, Negrini M. Lo scompenso cardiaco nel neonato e nel lattante. Aspetti clinici relativi all’età e principi di terapia. In attualità in cardiologia pediatrica. ANCE 1983;51-63.
12. Huhta JC, Weil- Chalker S, Pagotto LT. Fetal congestive heart failure. In: Allan L, Hornberger L, Sharland G. Textbook of fetal cardiology. Greenwich Medical Media, 2000:565-75.
13. Silverman NH. Echocardiography: concepts and practice - 1996. The Aldo Castaneda Institute. Genolier, Switzerland. January 17-19, 1996.
14. Quero JM. Cardiopatias congenitas: Diagnostico y tratamiento de urgenzia. Editorial Cientifico-Medico. Barcellona, 1973.
15. Keith JD, Rowe RD, Vlad P. Congestive heart failure. In: Heart disease in infancy and childhood. 3° Edition, New York, McMillian, 1978:163.
16. Calabrò R, Marsico L, Marsico F. Cardiopatie congenite ad emergenza clinica precoce: metodologia della diagnosi clinica. In: Il Punto su “La decisione cardiochirurgica nelle cardiopatie della prima infanzia”. Firenze: OIC Medical Press, 1987:29-51.
17. Marsico F, Calabrò R, Alborino A. Elettrocardiografia clinica delle cardiopatie congenite. In: Eligio Piccolo. Trattato di elettrocardiografia, vol. II cap. I. Padova: Piccin Editore, 1987.
18. Schneeweiss A. Drug therapy in infants and children with cardiovascular disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1986.
19. Montella S. L’iter diagnostico nel neonato e nel lattante cardiopatici. In: Attualità in Cardiologia Pediatrica. ANCE 1983:15-28.
20. Mastroiacovo P, Botto L, Zampino G. Epidemiologia delle cardiopatie congenite. In: Marino B, Dallapiccola B, Mastroiacovo P. Cardiopatie congenite e sindromi genetiche. McGraw-Hill, 1995;2:13-38.
21. Marsico F, Frescura C, Calabrò R, Thiene G. Aspetti morfo-funzionali delle cardiopatie congenite sintomatiche nella prima infanzia. In: Il Punto su “la decisioni cardiochirurgica nelle cardiopatie congenite della prima infanzia”. Firenze: OIC Medical Press, 1987:5-28.
22. Calabrò R, Caso P, de Leva F, Iacono C, Vairo U. Trasposizione delle grandi arterie. In: Ecocardiografia transesofagea e transtoracica delle cardiopatie congenite. Padova: Piccin, 1998:19:284-305.
23. Neutze JM, Starling MB, Elliot RB, Barratt- Boyes BG. Palliation of cyanotic congenital heart disease in infants with E-type prostaglandins. Circulation 1977;55:238-41.
24. Rashkind WJ, Miller WW. Creation of an atrial septal defect without thoratocomy: a palliative approach to complete transposition of the great arteries. JAMA 1966;196:173-4.
25. Langford K. Balloon atrial septostomy: current perspective. In: Rao PS. Transcatheter therapy in pediatric cardiology. Wiley- Liss, 1993;2:7-15.
26. Castaneda AR, Mayer JE, Jonas RA, Wernovsky G, Di Donato R. Trasposizione delle grandi arterie: l’intervento di de-trasposizione. Cardiology clinics (Edizione Italiana). Milano: McGraw-Hill Italia srl, 1990:175-83.
27. Castaneda AR, Jonas RA, Mayer JE, Hanley FL. D-Transposition of the great arteries. In: Cardiac surgery of the neonate and infant. W.B. Saunders Company 1994;26:409-38.
28. Calabrò R, De Cristoforo M, Caso P, et al. Cardiopatie congenite complesse e apporto decisionale dell’ecocardiografia transesofagea. In: Nicolosi GL. Trattato di ecocardiografia clinica. Padova: Piccin 1999;Vol III;cap. 37:1819-84.
29. Snider AR, Serwer GA, Ritter SB. Echocardiography in pediatric heart dsease. Mosby, 1997:479-483
30. Rao SP. Balloon angioplasty of native aortic coarctation. In: Rao SP. Transcatheter therapy in pediatric cardiology. Wiley-Liss, 1993;cap 10:153-96.
31. Castaneda AR, Jonas RA, Mayer JE, Hanley FL. Aortic coarctation. In: Cardiac surgery of the neonate and infant. W.B. Saunders Company, 1994;chapt. 21:333-52.
32. Castaneda AR, Jonas RA, Mayer JE, Hanley FL. Interrupted aortic arch. In Cardiac surgery of the neonate and infant.W.B. Saunders Company 1994;chapt. 22:353-362.
33. Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG. Coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch. In: Cardiac surgery. Second edition. Churchill Livingstone, 1993;chapt. 34:1263-325.
34. Freed MD, Heymann MA, Lewis AB, Roehl SL, Chen KR. Prostaglandin E1 in the infants with ductus arteriosus dependent congenital heart disease. Circulation 1981; 64:899.
35. Freedom RM. Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Futura Publishing Company, 1989.
36. Hanley FL, Sade RM, Freedom RM, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW. Outcomes in critically ill neonates with pulmonary stenosis and intact ventricular septum: a multiinstitutional study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:183-92.
37. Fedderly RT, Lloyd TR. Mendelsohn AM, Beekman RH. Determinants of successful balloon valvotomy in infants with critical pulmonary stenosis or membranous pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:460-5.
38. Gournay V, Piechaud JF, Delogu A, Sidi D, Kachaner J. Balloon valvotomy for critical stenosis or atresia of pulmonary valve in newborns. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1725-31.
39. Giusti S, Spadoni I, De Simone L, Carminati M. Perforazione con radiofrequenza della atresia valvolare polmonare a setto interventricolare intatto. G Ital Cardiol 1996; 26:391-7.
40. De Leval M. Systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. In: Stark J, de Leval M. Surgery for congenital heart defects. Second Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 1994;cap. 13:247-57.
41. Norwood WI. Sindrome del cuore sinistro ipoplasico. In: Cardiology clinics (Edizione italiana). McGraw-Hill Italia srl, 1990:185-94.
42. Calabrò R, Caso P, de Leva F, Iacono C, Vairo U. Stenosi aortica. In: Ecocardiografia transesofagea e transtoracica delle cardiopatie congenite. Padova: Piccin, 1998;cap. 23:345-360.
43. Beekman RH, Rocchini AP. Balloon Valvuloplasty for critical aortic stenosis in the newborn: influence of new catheter technology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:1172-6.
44. Giusti S, Borghi A, Redaelli S, et al. The carotid arterial approach for balloon dilatation of critical aortic stenosis in neonates. Immediate results and follow-up. Cardiol Young 1995;5:155-60.
45. GrilloR, Donzelli M, Pieri D, Pipitone S, Sperandeo V. Le emergenze cardiologiche neonatali: trattamento medico. In: Progressi in cardiologia pediatrica. Atti del XVII Congresso della Società Italiana di Cardiologia Pediatrica. Centro Studi Sangemini, 1987:85-101.
46. Squarcia U, Pellegrino P, Milanesi O, et al. Trattamento farmacologico del dotto arterioso. In: Squarcia U. Cardiologia pediatrica. UTET, 1982;cap. XII:255-69.
47. Park MK. Premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus. In: Park MK. Pediatric cardiology for practitioners. 3° edition. Mosby, 1996;cap. 29:388-90.
48. Minale C, Hornchen H, Marcus C, et al. Dotto di Botallo pervio nella sindrome da “stress” polmonare dei prematuri. Progressi in cardiologia pediatrica. Atti del XV Congresso della Società Italiana di Cardiologia Pediatrica. Centro Studi Sangemini, 1985:271-2.
49. Ballerini L, di Carlo D, Cifarelli A, et al. Oversize balloon atrial septal dilatation: early experience. Am Heart J 1993;125:1760-827.
50. Vairo U, Ballerini L, Di Carlo D, et al. Coil embolization of aortopulmonary collateral arteries as an emergency in infants and children. Cardiol Young 1993;3:141-3.
51. Rudolph AM. Diagnosis and treatment respiratory distress changes in the circulation after birth. Their importance in congenital heart disease. Circulation 1970;41:343.
52. Sanchez PA. Cardiologia Pediatrica. Clinica y Cirurgia. Salvat, 1986:1078.
53. Gersony WM, Duc GV, Sinclair JC. “PFC” syndrome (persistence of the fetal circulation). Circulation 1969;3:40.
54. Milanesi O, Benetti E, Del Torso S, et al. Persistenza della circolazione fetale nel neonato. Progressi in Cardiologia Pediatrica. Atti del XVIII Congresso della Società Italiana di Cardiologia Pediatrica. Montalto di Castro, 29 settembre-2 ottobre 1988;3-10.
55. Goldemberg SL, Levy RA, Siassi B, Betten J. The effects of maternal hypoxia and hyperoxia upon the neonatal pulmonary vasculature. Pediatrics 1971;48:528. 56.Snider AR, Serwer GA, Ritter SB. Methods for obtaining quantitative information from the echocardiographic examination. In: Echocardiography in pediatric heart disease. Second Edition Mosby, 1997; cap. 5:164-6.
57. Park MK. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. In: Pediatric cardiology for practitioners. 3° Edition Mosby, 1996;cap. 29:381-5.
58. Park MK. Transient myocardial ischemia. In Pediatric cardiology for practitioners. 3° Edition. Mosby, 1996;cap. 29:390-2.
59. Farru O, Rizzardini M, Guzman N. Ischémie miocardique transitoire du nouveau-né. Arch Mal Coeur 1986:633-8.
2. Calabrò R, Caso P, Vairo U, et al. Le urgenze in cardiologia pediatrica. In: Cardiological Intensive Care. Milano: Giorgio Caturelli, Librex, 1988:313-22.
3. Friedman WF. The intrinsic physiologic properties of the developing heart. In: Friedman WF, Lesch M, Sonnenblick E (eds). Neonatal heart disease. New York: Grume e 4. Rudolph AM. Congenital disease of the heart. Clinical-Physiologic considerations in diagnosis and management. Year Book Medical Publishers, 1974.
5. Artman M, Graham TP. Congestive heart failure in infancy: recognition and management. Am Heart J 1982;103:1040-55.
6. Rowe RD, Freedom RM, Mehrizi A. Heart failure in the newborn. In: The Neonate with Congenital Heart Disease. Saunders Company, 1981;150-65
7. Freed MD. Congestive heart failure. In: Nadas’ Pediatric Cardiology. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, Mosby-Year Book, 1992:63-72.
8. Antunez Jimenez ML, Bano Rodrigo A, Quero Jimenez M. Insuficienza cardiaca. In: Sanchez PA. Cardiologia Pediatrica. Clinica y Cirurgia. Salvat, 1986:1103-14.
9. Park MK. Congestive heart failure. In: Pediatric Cardiology for Practitioners 3/e. Mosby, 1995:401-11.
10. Dupui C, Kachaner J, Quero Jimenez M, Pernot C, Rey C. Insuffisance cardiaque d’origine extracardiaque. In: Cardiologie Pédiatrique. Paris: Flammarion Médecine-Sciences, 1981:580-3.
11. Fancini P, Vignati G, Negrini M. Lo scompenso cardiaco nel neonato e nel lattante. Aspetti clinici relativi all’età e principi di terapia. In attualità in cardiologia pediatrica. ANCE 1983;51-63.
12. Huhta JC, Weil- Chalker S, Pagotto LT. Fetal congestive heart failure. In: Allan L, Hornberger L, Sharland G. Textbook of fetal cardiology. Greenwich Medical Media, 2000:565-75.
13. Silverman NH. Echocardiography: concepts and practice - 1996. The Aldo Castaneda Institute. Genolier, Switzerland. January 17-19, 1996.
14. Quero JM. Cardiopatias congenitas: Diagnostico y tratamiento de urgenzia. Editorial Cientifico-Medico. Barcellona, 1973.
15. Keith JD, Rowe RD, Vlad P. Congestive heart failure. In: Heart disease in infancy and childhood. 3° Edition, New York, McMillian, 1978:163.
16. Calabrò R, Marsico L, Marsico F. Cardiopatie congenite ad emergenza clinica precoce: metodologia della diagnosi clinica. In: Il Punto su “La decisione cardiochirurgica nelle cardiopatie della prima infanzia”. Firenze: OIC Medical Press, 1987:29-51.
17. Marsico F, Calabrò R, Alborino A. Elettrocardiografia clinica delle cardiopatie congenite. In: Eligio Piccolo. Trattato di elettrocardiografia, vol. II cap. I. Padova: Piccin Editore, 1987.
18. Schneeweiss A. Drug therapy in infants and children with cardiovascular disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1986.
19. Montella S. L’iter diagnostico nel neonato e nel lattante cardiopatici. In: Attualità in Cardiologia Pediatrica. ANCE 1983:15-28.
20. Mastroiacovo P, Botto L, Zampino G. Epidemiologia delle cardiopatie congenite. In: Marino B, Dallapiccola B, Mastroiacovo P. Cardiopatie congenite e sindromi genetiche. McGraw-Hill, 1995;2:13-38.
21. Marsico F, Frescura C, Calabrò R, Thiene G. Aspetti morfo-funzionali delle cardiopatie congenite sintomatiche nella prima infanzia. In: Il Punto su “la decisioni cardiochirurgica nelle cardiopatie congenite della prima infanzia”. Firenze: OIC Medical Press, 1987:5-28.
22. Calabrò R, Caso P, de Leva F, Iacono C, Vairo U. Trasposizione delle grandi arterie. In: Ecocardiografia transesofagea e transtoracica delle cardiopatie congenite. Padova: Piccin, 1998:19:284-305.
23. Neutze JM, Starling MB, Elliot RB, Barratt- Boyes BG. Palliation of cyanotic congenital heart disease in infants with E-type prostaglandins. Circulation 1977;55:238-41.
24. Rashkind WJ, Miller WW. Creation of an atrial septal defect without thoratocomy: a palliative approach to complete transposition of the great arteries. JAMA 1966;196:173-4.
25. Langford K. Balloon atrial septostomy: current perspective. In: Rao PS. Transcatheter therapy in pediatric cardiology. Wiley- Liss, 1993;2:7-15.
26. Castaneda AR, Mayer JE, Jonas RA, Wernovsky G, Di Donato R. Trasposizione delle grandi arterie: l’intervento di de-trasposizione. Cardiology clinics (Edizione Italiana). Milano: McGraw-Hill Italia srl, 1990:175-83.
27. Castaneda AR, Jonas RA, Mayer JE, Hanley FL. D-Transposition of the great arteries. In: Cardiac surgery of the neonate and infant. W.B. Saunders Company 1994;26:409-38.
28. Calabrò R, De Cristoforo M, Caso P, et al. Cardiopatie congenite complesse e apporto decisionale dell’ecocardiografia transesofagea. In: Nicolosi GL. Trattato di ecocardiografia clinica. Padova: Piccin 1999;Vol III;cap. 37:1819-84.
29. Snider AR, Serwer GA, Ritter SB. Echocardiography in pediatric heart dsease. Mosby, 1997:479-483
30. Rao SP. Balloon angioplasty of native aortic coarctation. In: Rao SP. Transcatheter therapy in pediatric cardiology. Wiley-Liss, 1993;cap 10:153-96.
31. Castaneda AR, Jonas RA, Mayer JE, Hanley FL. Aortic coarctation. In: Cardiac surgery of the neonate and infant. W.B. Saunders Company, 1994;chapt. 21:333-52.
32. Castaneda AR, Jonas RA, Mayer JE, Hanley FL. Interrupted aortic arch. In Cardiac surgery of the neonate and infant.W.B. Saunders Company 1994;chapt. 22:353-362.
33. Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG. Coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch. In: Cardiac surgery. Second edition. Churchill Livingstone, 1993;chapt. 34:1263-325.
34. Freed MD, Heymann MA, Lewis AB, Roehl SL, Chen KR. Prostaglandin E1 in the infants with ductus arteriosus dependent congenital heart disease. Circulation 1981; 64:899.
35. Freedom RM. Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Futura Publishing Company, 1989.
36. Hanley FL, Sade RM, Freedom RM, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW. Outcomes in critically ill neonates with pulmonary stenosis and intact ventricular septum: a multiinstitutional study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:183-92.
37. Fedderly RT, Lloyd TR. Mendelsohn AM, Beekman RH. Determinants of successful balloon valvotomy in infants with critical pulmonary stenosis or membranous pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:460-5.
38. Gournay V, Piechaud JF, Delogu A, Sidi D, Kachaner J. Balloon valvotomy for critical stenosis or atresia of pulmonary valve in newborns. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1725-31.
39. Giusti S, Spadoni I, De Simone L, Carminati M. Perforazione con radiofrequenza della atresia valvolare polmonare a setto interventricolare intatto. G Ital Cardiol 1996; 26:391-7.
40. De Leval M. Systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. In: Stark J, de Leval M. Surgery for congenital heart defects. Second Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 1994;cap. 13:247-57.
41. Norwood WI. Sindrome del cuore sinistro ipoplasico. In: Cardiology clinics (Edizione italiana). McGraw-Hill Italia srl, 1990:185-94.
42. Calabrò R, Caso P, de Leva F, Iacono C, Vairo U. Stenosi aortica. In: Ecocardiografia transesofagea e transtoracica delle cardiopatie congenite. Padova: Piccin, 1998;cap. 23:345-360.
43. Beekman RH, Rocchini AP. Balloon Valvuloplasty for critical aortic stenosis in the newborn: influence of new catheter technology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:1172-6.
44. Giusti S, Borghi A, Redaelli S, et al. The carotid arterial approach for balloon dilatation of critical aortic stenosis in neonates. Immediate results and follow-up. Cardiol Young 1995;5:155-60.
45. GrilloR, Donzelli M, Pieri D, Pipitone S, Sperandeo V. Le emergenze cardiologiche neonatali: trattamento medico. In: Progressi in cardiologia pediatrica. Atti del XVII Congresso della Società Italiana di Cardiologia Pediatrica. Centro Studi Sangemini, 1987:85-101.
46. Squarcia U, Pellegrino P, Milanesi O, et al. Trattamento farmacologico del dotto arterioso. In: Squarcia U. Cardiologia pediatrica. UTET, 1982;cap. XII:255-69.
47. Park MK. Premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus. In: Park MK. Pediatric cardiology for practitioners. 3° edition. Mosby, 1996;cap. 29:388-90.
48. Minale C, Hornchen H, Marcus C, et al. Dotto di Botallo pervio nella sindrome da “stress” polmonare dei prematuri. Progressi in cardiologia pediatrica. Atti del XV Congresso della Società Italiana di Cardiologia Pediatrica. Centro Studi Sangemini, 1985:271-2.
49. Ballerini L, di Carlo D, Cifarelli A, et al. Oversize balloon atrial septal dilatation: early experience. Am Heart J 1993;125:1760-827.
50. Vairo U, Ballerini L, Di Carlo D, et al. Coil embolization of aortopulmonary collateral arteries as an emergency in infants and children. Cardiol Young 1993;3:141-3.
51. Rudolph AM. Diagnosis and treatment respiratory distress changes in the circulation after birth. Their importance in congenital heart disease. Circulation 1970;41:343.
52. Sanchez PA. Cardiologia Pediatrica. Clinica y Cirurgia. Salvat, 1986:1078.
53. Gersony WM, Duc GV, Sinclair JC. “PFC” syndrome (persistence of the fetal circulation). Circulation 1969;3:40.
54. Milanesi O, Benetti E, Del Torso S, et al. Persistenza della circolazione fetale nel neonato. Progressi in Cardiologia Pediatrica. Atti del XVIII Congresso della Società Italiana di Cardiologia Pediatrica. Montalto di Castro, 29 settembre-2 ottobre 1988;3-10.
55. Goldemberg SL, Levy RA, Siassi B, Betten J. The effects of maternal hypoxia and hyperoxia upon the neonatal pulmonary vasculature. Pediatrics 1971;48:528. 56.Snider AR, Serwer GA, Ritter SB. Methods for obtaining quantitative information from the echocardiographic examination. In: Echocardiography in pediatric heart disease. Second Edition Mosby, 1997; cap. 5:164-6.
57. Park MK. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. In: Pediatric cardiology for practitioners. 3° Edition Mosby, 1996;cap. 29:381-5.
58. Park MK. Transient myocardial ischemia. In Pediatric cardiology for practitioners. 3° Edition. Mosby, 1996;cap. 29:390-2.
59. Farru O, Rizzardini M, Guzman N. Ischémie miocardique transitoire du nouveau-né. Arch Mal Coeur 1986:633-8.