Aggiornamento
Le coliche gassose
INFANTILE COLIC
ISABELLA GIUSEPPIN, LUCA RONFANI, SONIA BERTRAND, GIORGIO LONGO
Clinica Pediatrica, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste
Ottobre 2006 - pagg. 494 -503
Abstract
Infantile colic (IC) is characterized by uncontrollable crying or fussing in an otherwise healthy and well fed infant younger than three months of age. IC can be distressing for parents whose infant is inconsolable during crying episodes. IC is often defined by the so-called “rule of three”: crying for more than three hours per day, for more than three days per week, and longer than three weeks. The physician‘s role is to reassure parents that there are no organic causes, to offer balanced advice on treatment, and to provide support. IC is a diagnosis of exclusion after a careful history and physical examination to rule out less common organic causes. Treatment is limited. IC is self limited with no long term adverse effects. The Authors conducted a systemic review of rigorously evaluated treatments for infantile colic.
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Brazelton RB. Crying in infancy. Pediatrics
1962;29:579.
2. Garrison MM, Christakis DA. A systematic review of treatments for infant colic. Pediatrics 2000;106:184-90.
3. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ. Systematic review of the occurrence of infantile colic in the community. Arch Dis Child 2001;84:398-403.
4. Hide DW, Guyer BM. Prevalence of infant colic. Arch Dis Child 1982;57:559-60.
5. Wessel MA, Cobb JC, Jackson EB, Harris GS, Detwiler AC. Paroxismal fussing in infancy, sometimes called colic. Pediatrics 1954; 14:421-35.
6. Cavinet C, Jakobsson I, Hagander B. Infantile colic. Follow-up at four years of age: still more “emotional”. Acta Pediatr 2000;89:13-7.
7. Singer JL, Rosenberg NM. A fatal case of colic. Pediatr Emerg Care 1992;8:171-2.
8. Levitzky S, Cooper R. Infant colic syndrome: maternal fantasies of aggression and infanticide. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2000:39:395-400.
9. Illingworth RS. Three-month’colic. Arch Dis Child 1954;29:165-74.
10. Ventura A, Franco D, Venier D. Le coliche gassose. Medico e Bambino 1985;3:160-73.
11. Bakwin RM. Psycosomatic factors with particular reference to the parents of the coliky infant. Pediatrics 1956;18:833-5.
12. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Stern DA, HalonenM, Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Taussing LM. Relation between infantile colic and asthma/ atopy: a prospective study in a unselected population. Pediatrics 2001;108:878-82.
13. Lehtonen L, Korvenranta H. Infantile colic. Seasonal incidence and crying profiles. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149:533-6.
14. Crowcroft NS, Strachan DP. The social origin of infantile colic: questionnaire study covering 76,747 infants. BMJ 1997;314:1325-8.
15. Savino F, Cresi F, Pautasso S, et al. Intestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non-colicky infants. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:825-9.
16. Harley LM. Fussing and crying in young infants. Clinical considerations and practical management. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1969;8:138- 41.
17. Lothe L, Ivarsson SA, Ekman R, Lindberg T. Motilin and infantile colic. A prospective study. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990;79:410-6.
18. Shenassa ED, Brown MJ. Maternal smoking and infantile gastrointestinal dysregulation: the case of colic. Pediatrics 2004;114: e497-505.
19. Gupta SK. Is colic a gastrointestinal disorder? Curr Opin Pediatr 2002;14:588-92.
20. Huhtala V, Lehtonen L. Low plasma cholecystokinin levels in colicky infants JPGN 2003;37:42-6.
21. Jakobsson I, Lindberg T. Cow’s milk proteins cause infantile colic in breast-fed infants: a double-blind crossover study. Pediatrics 1983;71:268-71
22. Jakobsson I, Lindberg T, Benediktsson B, Hansson BG. Dietary bovine beta-lactoglobulin is transferred to human milk. Acta Paediatr Scand 1985;74:342-5.
23. Clyne PS, Kulczycki A jr. Human breast milk contains bovine IgG. Relationship to infant colic? Pediatrics 1991;87:439-44.
24. Hill DJ, Menahem S, Hudson I, et al. Charting infant distress: an aid to defining colic. J Pediatr 1992;121:755-8.
25. Axelsson I, Jakosson I, Lindberg T, Benediktsson B. Bovine beta-lactoglobulin in the human milk. A longitudinal study during the whole lactation period. Acta Paediatr Scand 1986;75:702-7.
26. Savino F, Castagno E, Bretto R, Brondello C, Palumeri E, Oggero R. A prospective 10- year study on children who had severe infantile colic. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2005;94:129-32.
27. Paradise L. Maternal and other factors in the etiology of infantile colic. JAMA 1966;197: 191-9.
28. Hide DW, Guyer BM. Prevalence of infantile colic. Arch Dis Chid 1982;57:559-60.
29. Thomas DW, McGilligan K, Eisenberg LD. Infantile colic and type of milk feeding. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:451-3.
30. Sondergaard C, Olsen J, Friis-Hasche E, Dirdal M, Thrane N, Sorensen HT. Psychosocial distress during pregnancy and the risk of infantile colic: a follow-up study. Acta Paediatr 2003;92:811-6.
31. Akman I, Kuscu K, Ozdemir N. Mother’s postpartum psychological adjustment and infantile colic. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:417-9.
32. Rautava P, Helenius H, Lehtonen L. Psychosocial predisposing factors for infantile colic. BMJ 1993;307:600-4.
33. Clifford TJ, Campbell MK, Speechley KN, Gorodzinsky F. Infant colic: empirical evidence of the absence of an association with source of early infant nutrition. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:1123-8.
34. Raiha H, Lehtonen L, Korhonen T, et al. Family life 1 year after infantile colic. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:1032-6.
35. Raiha H, Lehtonen L, Korhonen T. Family functioning 3 years after infantile colic. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1997;18:290-4.
36. Reust CE, Blake RL. Diagnostic workup before diagnosing colic. Arch Fam Med 2000; 9:282-3.
37. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, Gubbels JW, et al. Effectiveness of treatments for infantile colic: systematic review. BMJ 1998;316:1563-9.
38. Metcalf TJ. Simethicone in the treatment of infant colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Pediatrics 1994;94:29-34.
39. Williams J, Watkin Jones R. Dicyclomine: worryng symptoms associated with its use in some small babies. BMJ 1994;228:90123.
40. Savino F, Brondello C, Cresi F, Oggero R, Silvestro L. Cimetropium bromide in the treatment of crisis in infantile colic. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;34:417-9.
41. Gomirato G, Bonomi A, Bensi G, Crosato M. Effect of cimetropium bromide in the treatment of colic in the first 3 months of life. Randomized study. Minerva Pediatr 1989;41:259- 62.
42. Kilgour T, Wade S. Infantile colic. Clin Evid 2005;13:1-3.
43. Hill DJ, Hudson IL, Sheffield LJ, Shelton MJ, Menahem S, Hosking CS. A low allergen diet is a significant intervention in infantile colic: results of a community-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;96:886-92.
44. Hill DJ, Roy N, Heine RG, et al. Effect of a low-allergen maternal diet on colic among breastfed infants: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2005;116:e709-e715.
45. Evans RW, Fergusson DM, Allardyce RA, Taylor B. Maternal diet and infantile colic in breast-fed infants. Lancet 1981;1:1340-2.
46. Jakobsson I, Lindberg T. Cow’s milk as a cause of infantile colic in breast-fed infants. Lancet 1978;2:437-9.
47. Forsyth BW. Colic and the effect of changing formulas: a double-blind, multiple-crossover study. J Pediatr 1989;115:521-6.
48. Jakobsson I, Lothe L, Ley D, Borschel MW. Effectiveness of casein hydrolysate feedings in infants with colic. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89:18-21.
49. Lucassen LB, Assendelft WJ, Gubbels LW, Van Eijk, Douwes AC. Infantile colic: crying time reduction with a whey hydrolysate; a double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 2000;106:1349-54.
50. Campbell JP. Dietary treatment of infant colic: a double-blind study. J R Coll Gen Pract 1989;39:11-4.
51. Lothe L, Linderg T. Cow’s milk formula as a cause of infantile colic: a double-blind study. Pediatrics 1982;70:7-10.
52. Stahlberg MR, Savilahti E. Infantile colic and feeding. Arch Dis Child 1986;61:1232-3.
53. Miller JJ, McVeagh P, Fleet GH, Petocz P, Brand JC. Effect of yeast lactase enzyme on “colic” in infants fed human milk. J Pediatr 1990;117:261-3.
54. Kearney PJ, Malone AJ, Hayes T, et al. A trial of lactase in the management of infant colic. J Hum Nutr Diet 1998;11:281-5.
55. Kanabar D, Randhawa M, Clayton P. Improvement of symptoms of infant colic following reduction of lactose load with lactase. J Hum Nutr Diet 2001;14:359-63.
56. Parkin PC, Schwartz CJ, Manuel BA. Randomized controlled trial of three interventions in the management of persistent crying of infancy. Pediatrics 1993;92:197-201.
57. Barr RG, McMullan SJ, Spiess H. Carrying as colic “therapy”: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 1991;87:623-30.
58. McKenzie S. Troublesome crying in infants: effect of advice to reduce stimulation. Arch Dis Child 1991;66:1416-20.
59. Taubman B. Parental counselling compared with elimination of cow’s milk or soy milk protein for the treatment of infant colic syndrome: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 1988;81: 756-61.
60. Huhtala V, Lehtonen L, Heinonen R, Korvenranta H. Infant massage compared with crib vibrator in the treatment of colicky infants. Pediatrics 2000;105:E84.
61. Hughes S, Bolton J. Is chiropractic an effective treatment in infantile colic? Arch Dis Child 2002;86:382-4.
62. Weizman Z, Alkrinawi S, Goldfarb D, Bitran C. Efficacy of herbal tea preparation in infantile colic. J Pediatr 1993;122:650-2.
63. Roberts DM, Ostapchuk M, O’Brien JG. Infantile colic. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70: 735-40.
64. St James-Roberts I, Halil T. Infant crying patterns in the first year: normal community and clinical findings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991;32:951-68.
65. Martin F. Allergic colic in infants in the general practice of pediatrics. Pediatrics 1956;18: 832.
66. Reijneved SA, Brugman E. Excessive infant cryng: the impact of varyng definition. Pediatrics 2001;108:893-7.
67. Kalliomaki M, Lappala P, Korvenranta. Extent of fussing cr ying and colic type crying preceding atopic disease. Arch Dis Child 2001;84:349-50.
68. Canivet C, Jakobsson I, Hagander B. Infantile colic. Follow-up at four years of age: still more “emotional”. Acta Paediatr 2000;89: 13-7.
69. Croffie JM, Berbour B, Gupta SK, Fitzgererald J. A study of the relationship between infantile colic and some chronic gastro-intestinal disorders of childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998;27:483.
70. Rautava P. Infantile colic: child and family three years later. Pediatrics 1995;96:43-7.
71. de Vries M. Temperament and infant mortality among the Masai of East Africa. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1189-94.
72. Jacobson D, Melvin N. A comparison of temperament and maternal bother in infants with or without colic. J Pediatr Nurs 1995;96: 43-7.
73. Papousek M, von Hofacker N. Persistent crying early infancy: a non-trivial condition of risk for the developing mother-infant relationship. Child Care Health Dev 1998;24:395-424.
74. Wolke D, Rizzo P, Wodds S. Persistent infant crying and hyperactivity problems in middle childhood. Pediatrics 2002;109:1054- 60.
2. Garrison MM, Christakis DA. A systematic review of treatments for infant colic. Pediatrics 2000;106:184-90.
3. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ. Systematic review of the occurrence of infantile colic in the community. Arch Dis Child 2001;84:398-403.
4. Hide DW, Guyer BM. Prevalence of infant colic. Arch Dis Child 1982;57:559-60.
5. Wessel MA, Cobb JC, Jackson EB, Harris GS, Detwiler AC. Paroxismal fussing in infancy, sometimes called colic. Pediatrics 1954; 14:421-35.
6. Cavinet C, Jakobsson I, Hagander B. Infantile colic. Follow-up at four years of age: still more “emotional”. Acta Pediatr 2000;89:13-7.
7. Singer JL, Rosenberg NM. A fatal case of colic. Pediatr Emerg Care 1992;8:171-2.
8. Levitzky S, Cooper R. Infant colic syndrome: maternal fantasies of aggression and infanticide. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2000:39:395-400.
9. Illingworth RS. Three-month’colic. Arch Dis Child 1954;29:165-74.
10. Ventura A, Franco D, Venier D. Le coliche gassose. Medico e Bambino 1985;3:160-73.
11. Bakwin RM. Psycosomatic factors with particular reference to the parents of the coliky infant. Pediatrics 1956;18:833-5.
12. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Stern DA, HalonenM, Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Taussing LM. Relation between infantile colic and asthma/ atopy: a prospective study in a unselected population. Pediatrics 2001;108:878-82.
13. Lehtonen L, Korvenranta H. Infantile colic. Seasonal incidence and crying profiles. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149:533-6.
14. Crowcroft NS, Strachan DP. The social origin of infantile colic: questionnaire study covering 76,747 infants. BMJ 1997;314:1325-8.
15. Savino F, Cresi F, Pautasso S, et al. Intestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non-colicky infants. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:825-9.
16. Harley LM. Fussing and crying in young infants. Clinical considerations and practical management. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1969;8:138- 41.
17. Lothe L, Ivarsson SA, Ekman R, Lindberg T. Motilin and infantile colic. A prospective study. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990;79:410-6.
18. Shenassa ED, Brown MJ. Maternal smoking and infantile gastrointestinal dysregulation: the case of colic. Pediatrics 2004;114: e497-505.
19. Gupta SK. Is colic a gastrointestinal disorder? Curr Opin Pediatr 2002;14:588-92.
20. Huhtala V, Lehtonen L. Low plasma cholecystokinin levels in colicky infants JPGN 2003;37:42-6.
21. Jakobsson I, Lindberg T. Cow’s milk proteins cause infantile colic in breast-fed infants: a double-blind crossover study. Pediatrics 1983;71:268-71
22. Jakobsson I, Lindberg T, Benediktsson B, Hansson BG. Dietary bovine beta-lactoglobulin is transferred to human milk. Acta Paediatr Scand 1985;74:342-5.
23. Clyne PS, Kulczycki A jr. Human breast milk contains bovine IgG. Relationship to infant colic? Pediatrics 1991;87:439-44.
24. Hill DJ, Menahem S, Hudson I, et al. Charting infant distress: an aid to defining colic. J Pediatr 1992;121:755-8.
25. Axelsson I, Jakosson I, Lindberg T, Benediktsson B. Bovine beta-lactoglobulin in the human milk. A longitudinal study during the whole lactation period. Acta Paediatr Scand 1986;75:702-7.
26. Savino F, Castagno E, Bretto R, Brondello C, Palumeri E, Oggero R. A prospective 10- year study on children who had severe infantile colic. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2005;94:129-32.
27. Paradise L. Maternal and other factors in the etiology of infantile colic. JAMA 1966;197: 191-9.
28. Hide DW, Guyer BM. Prevalence of infantile colic. Arch Dis Chid 1982;57:559-60.
29. Thomas DW, McGilligan K, Eisenberg LD. Infantile colic and type of milk feeding. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:451-3.
30. Sondergaard C, Olsen J, Friis-Hasche E, Dirdal M, Thrane N, Sorensen HT. Psychosocial distress during pregnancy and the risk of infantile colic: a follow-up study. Acta Paediatr 2003;92:811-6.
31. Akman I, Kuscu K, Ozdemir N. Mother’s postpartum psychological adjustment and infantile colic. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:417-9.
32. Rautava P, Helenius H, Lehtonen L. Psychosocial predisposing factors for infantile colic. BMJ 1993;307:600-4.
33. Clifford TJ, Campbell MK, Speechley KN, Gorodzinsky F. Infant colic: empirical evidence of the absence of an association with source of early infant nutrition. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:1123-8.
34. Raiha H, Lehtonen L, Korhonen T, et al. Family life 1 year after infantile colic. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:1032-6.
35. Raiha H, Lehtonen L, Korhonen T. Family functioning 3 years after infantile colic. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1997;18:290-4.
36. Reust CE, Blake RL. Diagnostic workup before diagnosing colic. Arch Fam Med 2000; 9:282-3.
37. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, Gubbels JW, et al. Effectiveness of treatments for infantile colic: systematic review. BMJ 1998;316:1563-9.
38. Metcalf TJ. Simethicone in the treatment of infant colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Pediatrics 1994;94:29-34.
39. Williams J, Watkin Jones R. Dicyclomine: worryng symptoms associated with its use in some small babies. BMJ 1994;228:90123.
40. Savino F, Brondello C, Cresi F, Oggero R, Silvestro L. Cimetropium bromide in the treatment of crisis in infantile colic. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;34:417-9.
41. Gomirato G, Bonomi A, Bensi G, Crosato M. Effect of cimetropium bromide in the treatment of colic in the first 3 months of life. Randomized study. Minerva Pediatr 1989;41:259- 62.
42. Kilgour T, Wade S. Infantile colic. Clin Evid 2005;13:1-3.
43. Hill DJ, Hudson IL, Sheffield LJ, Shelton MJ, Menahem S, Hosking CS. A low allergen diet is a significant intervention in infantile colic: results of a community-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;96:886-92.
44. Hill DJ, Roy N, Heine RG, et al. Effect of a low-allergen maternal diet on colic among breastfed infants: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2005;116:e709-e715.
45. Evans RW, Fergusson DM, Allardyce RA, Taylor B. Maternal diet and infantile colic in breast-fed infants. Lancet 1981;1:1340-2.
46. Jakobsson I, Lindberg T. Cow’s milk as a cause of infantile colic in breast-fed infants. Lancet 1978;2:437-9.
47. Forsyth BW. Colic and the effect of changing formulas: a double-blind, multiple-crossover study. J Pediatr 1989;115:521-6.
48. Jakobsson I, Lothe L, Ley D, Borschel MW. Effectiveness of casein hydrolysate feedings in infants with colic. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89:18-21.
49. Lucassen LB, Assendelft WJ, Gubbels LW, Van Eijk, Douwes AC. Infantile colic: crying time reduction with a whey hydrolysate; a double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 2000;106:1349-54.
50. Campbell JP. Dietary treatment of infant colic: a double-blind study. J R Coll Gen Pract 1989;39:11-4.
51. Lothe L, Linderg T. Cow’s milk formula as a cause of infantile colic: a double-blind study. Pediatrics 1982;70:7-10.
52. Stahlberg MR, Savilahti E. Infantile colic and feeding. Arch Dis Child 1986;61:1232-3.
53. Miller JJ, McVeagh P, Fleet GH, Petocz P, Brand JC. Effect of yeast lactase enzyme on “colic” in infants fed human milk. J Pediatr 1990;117:261-3.
54. Kearney PJ, Malone AJ, Hayes T, et al. A trial of lactase in the management of infant colic. J Hum Nutr Diet 1998;11:281-5.
55. Kanabar D, Randhawa M, Clayton P. Improvement of symptoms of infant colic following reduction of lactose load with lactase. J Hum Nutr Diet 2001;14:359-63.
56. Parkin PC, Schwartz CJ, Manuel BA. Randomized controlled trial of three interventions in the management of persistent crying of infancy. Pediatrics 1993;92:197-201.
57. Barr RG, McMullan SJ, Spiess H. Carrying as colic “therapy”: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 1991;87:623-30.
58. McKenzie S. Troublesome crying in infants: effect of advice to reduce stimulation. Arch Dis Child 1991;66:1416-20.
59. Taubman B. Parental counselling compared with elimination of cow’s milk or soy milk protein for the treatment of infant colic syndrome: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 1988;81: 756-61.
60. Huhtala V, Lehtonen L, Heinonen R, Korvenranta H. Infant massage compared with crib vibrator in the treatment of colicky infants. Pediatrics 2000;105:E84.
61. Hughes S, Bolton J. Is chiropractic an effective treatment in infantile colic? Arch Dis Child 2002;86:382-4.
62. Weizman Z, Alkrinawi S, Goldfarb D, Bitran C. Efficacy of herbal tea preparation in infantile colic. J Pediatr 1993;122:650-2.
63. Roberts DM, Ostapchuk M, O’Brien JG. Infantile colic. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70: 735-40.
64. St James-Roberts I, Halil T. Infant crying patterns in the first year: normal community and clinical findings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991;32:951-68.
65. Martin F. Allergic colic in infants in the general practice of pediatrics. Pediatrics 1956;18: 832.
66. Reijneved SA, Brugman E. Excessive infant cryng: the impact of varyng definition. Pediatrics 2001;108:893-7.
67. Kalliomaki M, Lappala P, Korvenranta. Extent of fussing cr ying and colic type crying preceding atopic disease. Arch Dis Child 2001;84:349-50.
68. Canivet C, Jakobsson I, Hagander B. Infantile colic. Follow-up at four years of age: still more “emotional”. Acta Paediatr 2000;89: 13-7.
69. Croffie JM, Berbour B, Gupta SK, Fitzgererald J. A study of the relationship between infantile colic and some chronic gastro-intestinal disorders of childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998;27:483.
70. Rautava P. Infantile colic: child and family three years later. Pediatrics 1995;96:43-7.
71. de Vries M. Temperament and infant mortality among the Masai of East Africa. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1189-94.
72. Jacobson D, Melvin N. A comparison of temperament and maternal bother in infants with or without colic. J Pediatr Nurs 1995;96: 43-7.
73. Papousek M, von Hofacker N. Persistent crying early infancy: a non-trivial condition of risk for the developing mother-infant relationship. Child Care Health Dev 1998;24:395-424.
74. Wolke D, Rizzo P, Wodds S. Persistent infant crying and hyperactivity problems in middle childhood. Pediatrics 2002;109:1054- 60.
Corrispondenza: longog@burlo.trieste.it