Controversie
Alimenti solidi, evidenze liquide? Non direi
THE INTRODUCTION OF SOLIDS IN INFANTS DIET: NOT ONLY “LIQUID” EVIDENCE
ALESSANDRO FIOCCHI
Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, AO Fatebenefratelli, UO di Pediatria, Ospedale Macedonio Melloni, Milano
Gennaio 2008 - pagg. 27 -31
Abstract
According to the hypothesis that a delay of introduction of solids in the infant diet could
prevent the development of food allergy in children the author underlines the need to identify
the weaning especially for children with assessed risk of allergy. For all infants, solids
have to be introduced from the sixth month with care mainly for more allergenic food (such
as eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish and seefood) that should be introduced gradually in order
to allow for the development of tollerance.
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
Changes in prevalence of asthma and allergies
among children and adolescents in Italy:
1994-2002. Pediatrics 2006;117:34-42.
2. Fiocchi A, Bouygue GR, De Chiara A, et al. Dietary Primary Prevention of Food Allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003;9: 3-13.
3. Fiocchi A, Assa’ad A, Bahna S, for the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Food allergy and the introduction of solid foods to infants: a consensus document. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97:10-21.
4. Madsen CH. Prevalence of food allergy: an overview. Proc Nutr Soc 2005;64:413-7.
5. Gupta R, Sheikh A, Strachan DP, Anderson HR. Time trends in allergic disorders in the UK. Thorax 2007;62:91-6.
6. Lau S, Nickel R, Niggemann B, et al. The development of childhood asthma: lessons from the German Multicentre Allergy Study (MAS). Paed Resp Rev 2002;3:265-72.
7. Illi S, Von Mutius E, Lau S. The natural course of atopic dermatitis from birth to age 7 years and the association with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:925-31.
8. Taussig LM, Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ, Martinez FD. Tucson Children’s Respiratory Study: 1980 to present. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:661-75.
9. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Matthews S, Arshad SH. Defining childhood atopic phenotypes to investigate the association of atopic sensitization with allergic disease. Allergy 2005;60: 1280-6.
10. Wickman M. Experience with quantitative IgE antibody analysis in relation to allergic disease within the BAMSE birth cohort - towards an improved diagnostic process. Allergy 2004;59(Suppl 78):30-1.
11. Lucas JS, Grimshaw KE, Collins K, Warner JO, Hourihane JO. Kiwi fruit is a significant allergen and is associated with differing patterns of reactivity in children and adults. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:1115-21.
12. Dalal I, Binson I, Reifen R, et al. Food allergy is a matter of geography after all: sesame as a major cause of severe IgE-mediated food allergic reactions among infants and young children in Israel. Allergy 2002;57: 362-5.
13. Faria AM, Weiner HL. Oral tolerance. Immunol Rev 2005;206:232-59.
14. World Health Organization’s Programme of Nutrition. Complementary feeding of young children in developing countries: a review of current scientific knowledge. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1998.
15. American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and use of human milk (RE9729). Pediatrics 1997;100:1035-9.
16. 1999 UNICEF Geneva Region. Breastfeeding: foundation for a healthy future. Copenhagen, June 1999.
17. Warner JA, Jones CA, Jones AC, Miles EA, Francis T, Warner JO. Immune responses during pregnancy and the development of allergic disease. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 997;8(10 Suppl):5-10.
18. de Boissieu D, Matarazzo P, Rocchiccioli F, Dupont C. Multiple food allergy: a possible diagnosis in breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:1042-6.
19. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT. Early solid food feeding and recurrent childhood eczema: a 10-year longitudinal study. Paediatrics 1990;86:541-6.
20. Host A, Husby S, Osterballe O. A prospective study of cow’s milk allergy in exclusively breast-fed infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 1988;77:663-70.
21. Armentia A, Banuelos C, Arranz ML, et al. Early introduction of cereals into children’s diets as a risk factor for grass pollen asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:1250-5.
22. Forsyth JS, Ogston SA, Clark A, Florey CD, Howie PW. Relation between early introduction of solid food to infants and their weight and illnesses during the first two years of life. BMJ 1993;306:1572-6.
23. Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M. Does dietary elimination in infancy prevent or only postpone a food allergy? A study of fish and citrus allergy in 375 children. Lancet 1980;1:166-7.
24. Kajosaari M, Saarinen UM. Prophylaxis of atopic disease by six months’ total solid food elimination. Evaluation of 135 exclusively breast-fed infants of atopic families. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983;72:411-4.
25. Muraro A, Dreborg S, Halken S, et al. Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children. Part III: Critical review of published peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies and final recommendations. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004;15:291-307.
26. Sigurs N, Hattevig G, Kjellman B. Maternal avoidance of eggs, cow’s milk, and fish during lactation: effect on allergic manifestations, skin prick tests, and specific IgE antibodies in children at age 4 years. Pediatrics 1992;89:735-9.
27. Zeiger RS, Heller S, Mellon MH, et al. Effect of combined maternal and infant food-allergen avoidance on development of atopy in early infancy: a randomized study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;84:72-89.
28. Kramer MS. Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic disease in infants of women at high risk (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 4, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
29. Tarini BA, Carroll AE, Sox CM, Christakis DA. Systematic review of the relationship between early introduction of solid foods to infants and the development of allergic disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160:502-7.
30. Granger CW. Some recent developments in a concept of causality. J Econometrics 1988;39:199-211.
31. Lau J, Ioannidis JPA, Schmid CH. Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:820-6.
32. Bero LA, Jadad AR. How consumers and policymakers can use systematic reviews for decision making. Ann Intern Med 1997;127: 37-42.
33. Badgett RG, O’Keefe M, Henderson MC. Using systematic reviews in clinical education. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:886-91.
34. Maloney JM, Sampson HA, Sicherer SH, Burks WA. Food allergy and the introduction of solid foods to infants: a consensus document (letter). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;97:559-60.
35. Fiocchi A, Assa’ad A, Bahna S, for the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Food allergy and the introduction of solid foods to infants: a consensus document (reply). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;97:561-2.
36. Wood RA. Prospects for the prevention of allergy. A losing battle or a battle still worth fighting? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 106:552-4.
37. Liem JJ, Kozyrskyj AL, Huq SI, Becker AB. The risk of developing food allergy in premature or low-birth-weigjht children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:1203-9.
38. Zutavern A, Mutius E von, Harris J, et al. The introduction of solids in relation to asthma and eczema. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:303-8.
39. Zutavern A, Brokow I, Schaaf B, et al. Timing of solid food introduction in relation to atopic dermatitis and atopic sensitization: results from a prospective birth cohort study. Pediatrics 2006;117:401-11.
40. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Hypoallergenic infant formulas. Pediatrics 2000;106:346-9.
41. Muraro A, Dreborg S, Halken S, et al. Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children. Part III: Critical review of published peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies and final recommendations. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004;15:291-307.
42. Schoetzau A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Franke K, et al. German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study Group. Effect of exclusive breast-feeding and early solid food avoidance on the incidence of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants at 1 year of age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002;13:234-42.
43. Poole JA, Barriga K, Leung DYM, et al. Timing of initial exposure to cereal grains and the risk of wheat allergy. Pediatrics 2006;117:2175-82.
2. Fiocchi A, Bouygue GR, De Chiara A, et al. Dietary Primary Prevention of Food Allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003;9: 3-13.
3. Fiocchi A, Assa’ad A, Bahna S, for the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Food allergy and the introduction of solid foods to infants: a consensus document. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97:10-21.
4. Madsen CH. Prevalence of food allergy: an overview. Proc Nutr Soc 2005;64:413-7.
5. Gupta R, Sheikh A, Strachan DP, Anderson HR. Time trends in allergic disorders in the UK. Thorax 2007;62:91-6.
6. Lau S, Nickel R, Niggemann B, et al. The development of childhood asthma: lessons from the German Multicentre Allergy Study (MAS). Paed Resp Rev 2002;3:265-72.
7. Illi S, Von Mutius E, Lau S. The natural course of atopic dermatitis from birth to age 7 years and the association with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:925-31.
8. Taussig LM, Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ, Martinez FD. Tucson Children’s Respiratory Study: 1980 to present. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:661-75.
9. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Matthews S, Arshad SH. Defining childhood atopic phenotypes to investigate the association of atopic sensitization with allergic disease. Allergy 2005;60: 1280-6.
10. Wickman M. Experience with quantitative IgE antibody analysis in relation to allergic disease within the BAMSE birth cohort - towards an improved diagnostic process. Allergy 2004;59(Suppl 78):30-1.
11. Lucas JS, Grimshaw KE, Collins K, Warner JO, Hourihane JO. Kiwi fruit is a significant allergen and is associated with differing patterns of reactivity in children and adults. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:1115-21.
12. Dalal I, Binson I, Reifen R, et al. Food allergy is a matter of geography after all: sesame as a major cause of severe IgE-mediated food allergic reactions among infants and young children in Israel. Allergy 2002;57: 362-5.
13. Faria AM, Weiner HL. Oral tolerance. Immunol Rev 2005;206:232-59.
14. World Health Organization’s Programme of Nutrition. Complementary feeding of young children in developing countries: a review of current scientific knowledge. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1998.
15. American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and use of human milk (RE9729). Pediatrics 1997;100:1035-9.
16. 1999 UNICEF Geneva Region. Breastfeeding: foundation for a healthy future. Copenhagen, June 1999.
17. Warner JA, Jones CA, Jones AC, Miles EA, Francis T, Warner JO. Immune responses during pregnancy and the development of allergic disease. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 997;8(10 Suppl):5-10.
18. de Boissieu D, Matarazzo P, Rocchiccioli F, Dupont C. Multiple food allergy: a possible diagnosis in breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:1042-6.
19. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT. Early solid food feeding and recurrent childhood eczema: a 10-year longitudinal study. Paediatrics 1990;86:541-6.
20. Host A, Husby S, Osterballe O. A prospective study of cow’s milk allergy in exclusively breast-fed infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 1988;77:663-70.
21. Armentia A, Banuelos C, Arranz ML, et al. Early introduction of cereals into children’s diets as a risk factor for grass pollen asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:1250-5.
22. Forsyth JS, Ogston SA, Clark A, Florey CD, Howie PW. Relation between early introduction of solid food to infants and their weight and illnesses during the first two years of life. BMJ 1993;306:1572-6.
23. Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M. Does dietary elimination in infancy prevent or only postpone a food allergy? A study of fish and citrus allergy in 375 children. Lancet 1980;1:166-7.
24. Kajosaari M, Saarinen UM. Prophylaxis of atopic disease by six months’ total solid food elimination. Evaluation of 135 exclusively breast-fed infants of atopic families. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983;72:411-4.
25. Muraro A, Dreborg S, Halken S, et al. Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children. Part III: Critical review of published peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies and final recommendations. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004;15:291-307.
26. Sigurs N, Hattevig G, Kjellman B. Maternal avoidance of eggs, cow’s milk, and fish during lactation: effect on allergic manifestations, skin prick tests, and specific IgE antibodies in children at age 4 years. Pediatrics 1992;89:735-9.
27. Zeiger RS, Heller S, Mellon MH, et al. Effect of combined maternal and infant food-allergen avoidance on development of atopy in early infancy: a randomized study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;84:72-89.
28. Kramer MS. Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic disease in infants of women at high risk (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 4, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
29. Tarini BA, Carroll AE, Sox CM, Christakis DA. Systematic review of the relationship between early introduction of solid foods to infants and the development of allergic disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160:502-7.
30. Granger CW. Some recent developments in a concept of causality. J Econometrics 1988;39:199-211.
31. Lau J, Ioannidis JPA, Schmid CH. Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:820-6.
32. Bero LA, Jadad AR. How consumers and policymakers can use systematic reviews for decision making. Ann Intern Med 1997;127: 37-42.
33. Badgett RG, O’Keefe M, Henderson MC. Using systematic reviews in clinical education. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:886-91.
34. Maloney JM, Sampson HA, Sicherer SH, Burks WA. Food allergy and the introduction of solid foods to infants: a consensus document (letter). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;97:559-60.
35. Fiocchi A, Assa’ad A, Bahna S, for the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Food allergy and the introduction of solid foods to infants: a consensus document (reply). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;97:561-2.
36. Wood RA. Prospects for the prevention of allergy. A losing battle or a battle still worth fighting? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 106:552-4.
37. Liem JJ, Kozyrskyj AL, Huq SI, Becker AB. The risk of developing food allergy in premature or low-birth-weigjht children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:1203-9.
38. Zutavern A, Mutius E von, Harris J, et al. The introduction of solids in relation to asthma and eczema. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:303-8.
39. Zutavern A, Brokow I, Schaaf B, et al. Timing of solid food introduction in relation to atopic dermatitis and atopic sensitization: results from a prospective birth cohort study. Pediatrics 2006;117:401-11.
40. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Hypoallergenic infant formulas. Pediatrics 2000;106:346-9.
41. Muraro A, Dreborg S, Halken S, et al. Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children. Part III: Critical review of published peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies and final recommendations. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004;15:291-307.
42. Schoetzau A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Franke K, et al. German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study Group. Effect of exclusive breast-feeding and early solid food avoidance on the incidence of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants at 1 year of age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002;13:234-42.
43. Poole JA, Barriga K, Leung DYM, et al. Timing of initial exposure to cereal grains and the risk of wheat allergy. Pediatrics 2006;117:2175-82.
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