Farmacoriflessioni
Benzodiazepine e allattamento materno
BENZODIAZEPINES AND BREASTFEEDING MOTHER
RICCARDO DAVANZO, CHIARA ORETTI
UO di Neonatologia e TIN, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste
Febbraio 2008 - pagg. 109 -114
Abstract
The safety profile of benzodiazepines during breastfeeding depends mostly on their half-life; the longer half-life, the higher risk of accumulation and possible side effects for the nursing infant. As a consequence, diazepam is contraindicated and most benzodiazepines are considered as drugs that should be taken by the nursing mother with caution.
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
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16. Maitra R, Menkes DB. Psychotropic drugs and lactation. N Z Med J 1996;109:217-8.
17. Mcbride RJ, Dundee JW, Moore J, Toner W, Howard PJ. A study of the plasma concentrations of lorazapam in mother and neonate. Br J Anaesth 1979;51:971-8.
18. Whintelaw AG, Cummings AJ, McFadyen IR. Effect of maternal lorazepam on the neonate. BMJ 1981;282:1106-8.
19. Lemmer P, Schneider S, Mühe A, Wenning R. Quantification of lorazepam and lormetazepam in human breast milk using GC-MS in the negative chemical ionization mode. J Anal Toxicol 2007;31:224-6.
20. Wretlind M. Excretion of oxazepam in breast milk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987;33: 209-10.
21. Wesson DR, Camber S, Harkey M, Smith DE. Diazepam and desmetyldiazepam in breast milk. J Psychoactive Drugs 1985;17:55-6.
22. Patrick Mj, Tilstone WJ, Reavey P. Diazepam and breast-feeding. Lancet 1972;4:542-3.
23. Fisher JB, Edgren BE, Mammel MC, Coleman JM. Neonatal apnea associated with maternal clonazepam therapy: a case report. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:34S-35S.
24. Birnbaum CS, Cohen LS, Bailey JW, Grush LR, Robertson LM, Stowe ZN. Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: a case series. Pediatrics 1999;104:e11.
25. Brent NB, Wisner KL. Fluoxetine and carbamazepine concentrations in a nursing mother/infant pair. Clin Pediatr 1998;37:41-4.
26. Pons G, Francoual C, Guillet P, et al. Zolpidem excretion in breast milk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:245-8.
27. Hay DF, Kumar R. Interpreting the effects of mothers’ postnatal depression on children’s intelligence: a critique and re-analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1995;25:165-81.
28. Oo CY, Kuhn RJ, Desai N, et al. Pharmacokinetics in lactating women: prediction of alprazolam transfer into milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;40:231-6.
29. Anderson PO, McGuire GG. Neonatal alprazolam withdrawal: possible effects of breast feeding. DICP 1989;23:614 (Letter).
30. Martens PR. A sudden infant death like syndrome possibly induced by a benzodiazepine in breast-feeding. Eur J Emerg Med 1994; 1(2):86-7.
31. Nordeng H, Zahlsen K, Spigset O. Transfer of carisoprodol to breast milk. Ther Drug Monit 2001;23(3):298-300.
2. Schiavetti B, Clavenna A, Fortiguerra F, Miglio D, Bonati M. Psicofarmaci in allattamento. Guida pratica basata sulle evidenze. Roma: Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore, 2007.
3. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Drugs. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001; 108:776-89.
4. Briggs GG, Yaffe SJ, Freeman RK. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 7th Ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2005.
5. Hale W. Medications and mother’s milk. 13a edizione. Amarillo (Texas): Hale Publishing, 2006.
6. Hardman JG, Limbird LE. Goodman & Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Tenth Edition. New York: McGraw- Hill, 2001.
7. Hale TW, Berens PD. Clinical Therapy in Breastfeeding patients. 2nd Edition. Amarillo (Texas): Pharmasoft Medical Publishing, 2002.
8. Koitabashi T, Satoh N, Takino Y. Intravenous midazolam passage into breast milk. J Anesth 1997;11:242-3.
9. Lee JJ, Rubin AP. Breast feeding and anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1993;48:616-25.
10. Spigset O. Anaesthetic agents and excretion in breast milk. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994;38:94-103.
11. Nitsun M, Szokol JW, Saleh HJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam, propofol, and fentanyl transfer to human breast milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;79:549-57.
12. Mathelson I, Lunge PK, Bredesen JE. Midazolam and nitrazepam in the maternity ward: milk concentrations and clinical effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:787-93.
13. Lee A, Giesbrecht E, Dunn E, Ito S. Excretion of quetiapine in breast milk. Am J Psychiatry 2004;16:1715-6.
14. Misri S, Corral M, Wardrop AA, Kendrick K. Quetiapine augmentation in lactation: a series of case reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:508-11.
15. Rampono J, Kristensen JH, Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Kohan R. Quetiapine and breast feeding. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:711.
16. Maitra R, Menkes DB. Psychotropic drugs and lactation. N Z Med J 1996;109:217-8.
17. Mcbride RJ, Dundee JW, Moore J, Toner W, Howard PJ. A study of the plasma concentrations of lorazapam in mother and neonate. Br J Anaesth 1979;51:971-8.
18. Whintelaw AG, Cummings AJ, McFadyen IR. Effect of maternal lorazepam on the neonate. BMJ 1981;282:1106-8.
19. Lemmer P, Schneider S, Mühe A, Wenning R. Quantification of lorazepam and lormetazepam in human breast milk using GC-MS in the negative chemical ionization mode. J Anal Toxicol 2007;31:224-6.
20. Wretlind M. Excretion of oxazepam in breast milk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987;33: 209-10.
21. Wesson DR, Camber S, Harkey M, Smith DE. Diazepam and desmetyldiazepam in breast milk. J Psychoactive Drugs 1985;17:55-6.
22. Patrick Mj, Tilstone WJ, Reavey P. Diazepam and breast-feeding. Lancet 1972;4:542-3.
23. Fisher JB, Edgren BE, Mammel MC, Coleman JM. Neonatal apnea associated with maternal clonazepam therapy: a case report. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:34S-35S.
24. Birnbaum CS, Cohen LS, Bailey JW, Grush LR, Robertson LM, Stowe ZN. Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: a case series. Pediatrics 1999;104:e11.
25. Brent NB, Wisner KL. Fluoxetine and carbamazepine concentrations in a nursing mother/infant pair. Clin Pediatr 1998;37:41-4.
26. Pons G, Francoual C, Guillet P, et al. Zolpidem excretion in breast milk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:245-8.
27. Hay DF, Kumar R. Interpreting the effects of mothers’ postnatal depression on children’s intelligence: a critique and re-analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1995;25:165-81.
28. Oo CY, Kuhn RJ, Desai N, et al. Pharmacokinetics in lactating women: prediction of alprazolam transfer into milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;40:231-6.
29. Anderson PO, McGuire GG. Neonatal alprazolam withdrawal: possible effects of breast feeding. DICP 1989;23:614 (Letter).
30. Martens PR. A sudden infant death like syndrome possibly induced by a benzodiazepine in breast-feeding. Eur J Emerg Med 1994; 1(2):86-7.
31. Nordeng H, Zahlsen K, Spigset O. Transfer of carisoprodol to breast milk. Ther Drug Monit 2001;23(3):298-300.
Corrispondenza: davanzor@burlo.trieste.it