Problemi speciali
Outcome della nascita pretermine: una breve review
PRETERM BIRTH OUTCOMES: A BRIEF REVIEW
MANUELA CHIAVARINI, LILIANA MINELLI
Dipartimento di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Perugia
Aprile 2008 - pagg. 235 -238
Abstract
In the last twenty years the survival of the premature babies has improved. The obstetricneonatal
care has been effective in increasing survival among prematures, unfortunately
they are not so effective to reduce the outcomes among the survivors (physical-neurological
disability) in the long run. The serious disabilities (cerebral paralyses, blindness, deafness,
etc.) are recorded approximately in the 10% of the cases, while the minor disability
(light alterations of the tone and/or of the gait, behavioural and learning disorders, the
language and the oculo-motoria coordination) have high incidence, between 23% and
60%. Therefore, it is important that the practices of the obstetric approach and neonatal
intensive care are associated to a careful monitoring of outcomes in terms of mortality as
well as of chronic pathologies in the survivors.
Parole chiave
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
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2. Lumley J. The epidemiology of preterm birth. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1993;7: 477-98.
3. Società Italiana di Pediatria. Guida alla raccolta e alla rielaborazione dei dati perinatali. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore, 1987.
4. Olsën P, Läärä E, Rantakallio P, Järvelin MR, Sarpola A, Hartikainen AL. Epidemiology of preterm delivery in two birth cohorts with an interval of 20 years. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142: 1184-93.
5. Papiernik E. Prevention of preterm labour and delivery. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1993;7:499-521.
6. Hall MH. Incidence and distribution of preterm labour. In: Beard RW, Sharp F (Eds). Preterm Labour and its Consequences. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. London, 1985:5-13.
7. Florio P, Ignacchiti E, Severi FM, et al. Epidemiologia, Patogenesi e fattori di rischio. Prenatale 2001;5(3).
8. Kramer M, Platt R, Yang H, et al. Secular trends in preterm birth: a hospital based cohort study. JAMA 1998;280:1849-54.
9. Ministero della Salute. Certificato di assistenza al parto (CeDAP). Analisi dell’evento nascita - Anno 2003. Roma, 2005.
10. Greene MF. Outcomes of very low birth weight in young adults. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(3):146-8.
11. McCormick MC. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. N Engl J Med 1985;312:82-9.
12. Tomashek KM, Crouse CJ, Iyasu S, Johnson CH, Flowers LM. A comparison of morbidity rates attributable to conditions originating in the perinatal period among newborns discharged from United States Hospitals, 1989-90 and 1999-2000. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 2006;20:24-34.
13. Lumley J. Defining the problem: the epidemiology of preterm birth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;110(20):3-7.
14. Draper ES, Manktelow B, Field DJ, James D. Prediction of survival for preterm births by weight and gestational age: retrospective population based study. BMJ 1999;319:1093-7.
15. Horbar JD, Badger GJ, Carpenter JH et al. Trends in Mortality and Morbidity for Very Low Birth Weight Infants, 1991-1999. Pediatrics 2002;110:143-51.
16. Harding JE, Pang J, Knight DB, Liggins GC. Do antenatal corticosteroids help in the setting of preterm rupture of membranes? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:131-9.
17. Gaillard EA, Cooke RW, Shaw NJ. Improved survival and neurodevelopmental outcome after prolonged ventilation in preterm neonates who have received antenatal steroids and surfactant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 2001;84:194-6.
18. Truffert P, Goujard J, Dehan M, Vodovar M, Breart G. Outborn status with a medical neonatal transport service and survival without disability at two years: A populationbased cohort survey of newborns of less than 33 weeks of gestation. Eur J Obst Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;79:13-8.
19. Ozminkowski RJ, Wortman PM, Roloff DW. Inborn/outborn status and neonatal survival: a meta-analysis of non randomised studies. Stat Med 1988;7:1207-21.
20. Pasquier JC, Rabilloud M, Picaud JC, et al. A prospective population-based study of 598 cases of PPROM between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestation: description, management, and mortality (DOMINOS cohort). Eur J Obst Gynecol 2005;121:164-70.
21. Lemons JA, Bauer CR, Oh W, et al. Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, January 1995 Through December 1996. Pediatrics 2001;107(1):E1.
22. Wood NS, Marlow N, Costeloe K, et al. Neurologic and developmental disability after extremely preterm birth. EPICure Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343:378-84.
23. Cunningham FG. Williams obstetrics: the preterm infant, 18th ed. London: Prentice Hall International, 1989.
24. Victor YH, Yu MD. Developmental outcome of extremely preterm infants. Am J Perinatol 2000;17: 57-62.
25. Tin W, Wariyar U, Hey E. Changing prognosis for babies of less than 28 week’s gestation in the north of England between 1983 and
1994. BMJ 1997;314:107-15.
26. Trachtenbarg DE, Miller TC. Office care of the small, premature infant. Prim Care 1995; 22:1-2.
27. Acolet D, Elbourne D, McIntish N, et al. Project 27/28: inquiry into quality of neonatal care and its effects on the survival of infants who were born at 27 and 28 weeks in England, Wales, and Northen Ireland. Pediatrics 2005; 116:1457-65.
28. Bartolozzi G. La qualità delle cure neonatali nei nati dalla 27° alla 28° settimana ha effetti sulla sopravvivenza? Medico e Bambino pagine elettroniche 2006; 9 (http://www.medicoebambino. com/ ?id=el_0601).
29. Saigal S, Stoskopf B, Pinelli J, et al. Self- Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life of Former Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants at Young Adulthood. Pediatrics 2006;118:1140- 8.
30. Devins GM, Orme CM, Costello CG. Measuring depressive symptoms in illness populations: psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Psychol Health 1988;2:139-56.
31. Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
32. McCubbin H, Patternson J, Growchowski J. Young Adult Social Support Inventory (YASSI). In: McCubbin H, Thompson A, McCubbin M (Eds). Family Assessment: Resiliency, Coping, and Adaptation: Inventories for Research and Practice. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin System, 1996:391-403.
33. Saigal S, Stoskopf B, Streiner D, et al. Transition of Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants From Adolescence to Young Adulthood. Comparison With Normal Birth-Weight Controls. JAMA 2006;295(6):667-75.
34. Costeloe K, Gibson AT, Marlow N, Wilkinson AR. The EPICure Study: Outcome to discharge from hospital for babies born at the threshold of viability. Pediatrics 2000;106:659- 71.
35. Hack M, Fanaroff AA. Outcomes of children of extremely low birth weight and gestational age in the 1990s. Semin Neonatol 2000;5:89-106.
36. Vohr BR, Wright LL, Poole WK, McDonald SA. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants <32 weeks’ gestation between 1993 and 1998. Pediatrics 2005;116:635-43.
37. Vohr B R, Wright LL, Dusick AM, et al. Neurodevelopmental and Functional Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 1993-1994. Pediatrics 2000;105:1216- 26.
38. Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Minich N, Fanaroff AA, Hack M. Improved survival rates with increased neurodevelopmental disability for extremely low birth weight infants in the 1990s. Pediatrics 2005;115:997-1003.
39. De Vries LS, Van Haastert IL, Rademaker KJ, Koopman C, Groenendaal F. Ultrasound abnormalities preceding cerebral palsy in high- risk preterm infants. J Pediatr 2004;144: 815-20.
40. Zach T, Brown JC. Periventricular leukomalacia. eMedicine Journal 2001;2:Number 9.
41. Volpe JJ. Neurology of the newborn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 2000.
42. Wilson-Costello D, Borawski E, Friedman E, Redline R, Fanaroff AA, Hack M. Perinatal Correlates of Cerebral Palsy and Other Neurologic Impairment Among Very Low Birth Weight Children. Pediatrics 1998;102:315-22.
43. Regione Emilia-Romagna. La nascita pretermine in Emilia Romagna, Rapporto 2004.
44. Vermont Oxford Network. Annual Very Low Birth Weight (WLBW) Database Summary for 2004. Burlington (Vermont), 2004.
45. Moore AT. Brain injury and ocular motor abnormalities in surviving preterm infants. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:509-10.
46. O’Connor AR, Stephenson T, Johnson A, et al. Long-Term Ophthalmic Outcome of Low Birth Weight Children With and Without Retinopathy of Prematurity. Pediatrics 2002;109: 12-8.
47. Drillien MC. A longitudinal study of the growth and development of prematurely and maturely born children. VIII. Morbidity in the age period 2-5 years. Arch Dis Child 1961;36: 515-25.
48. Benton AL. Mental development of prematurely born children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1940;10:719-46.
49. Berges J, Lezine I. Le syndrome de l’ancien prématuré. Recherche sur sa signification. Revue de Neuropsichiatrie Infantile 1969;17:719-77.
50. Msall ME, Tremont MR. Functional outcomes in selfcare, mobility, communication, and learning in extremely low-birth weight infants. Clin Perinatol 2000;27:381-401.
51. Ornstein M, Ohlsson A, Edmonds J, Asztalos E. Neonatal follow-up of very low birth weight/extremely low birth weight infants to school age: a critical overview. Acta Pediatr Scand 1991;80:741-8.
52. Burguet A, Monnet E, Roth P, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age and not cerebral palsy at the age of 5 years. Arch Pediatr 2000;7(4):357-68.
53. Fily A, Pierrat V, Delporte V, Breart G, Truffert P, on behalf of the EPIPAGE Nord- Pas-de-Calais Study Group. Factors Associated with Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 2 Years After Very Preterm Birth: The Population- Based Nord-Pas-de-Calais EPIPAGE Cohort. Pediatrics 2006;117:357-66.
54. Wood N, Costeloe K, Gibson A, Hennessy E, Marlow N, Wilkinson AR, and the EPICure study group. The EPICure Study: Associations and antecedents of neurological and developmental disability at 30 months of age following extremely preterm birth. Arch Dis in Child Fetal Neonatal 2005;90:F134-F140.
55. Ritchie SK. Primary care of premature infant discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2002;27:76-85.
56. Agenzia di Sanità Pubblica della Regione Lazio. Progetto regionale sui parti e nati pretermine. Sintesi dei risultati. Anni 2003-2004. Roma; 2006.
57. Gessner BD, Muth PT. Perinatal care regionalization and low birth weight infant mortality rates in Alaska. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;185(3):623-8.
58. Gerber SE, Dobrez DG, Budetti PP. Managed care and perinatal regionalization in Washington State. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;98:139-43.
59. Mori R, Fujimura M, Shiraishi J, et al. Duration of inter-facility neonatal transport and neonatal mortality: Systematic review and cohort study. Pediatrics International 2007;49 (4):452-8.
60. Ministero della Salute. Piano Sanitario Nazionale 2006-2008. Roma, 2005.
2. Lumley J. The epidemiology of preterm birth. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1993;7: 477-98.
3. Società Italiana di Pediatria. Guida alla raccolta e alla rielaborazione dei dati perinatali. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore, 1987.
4. Olsën P, Läärä E, Rantakallio P, Järvelin MR, Sarpola A, Hartikainen AL. Epidemiology of preterm delivery in two birth cohorts with an interval of 20 years. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142: 1184-93.
5. Papiernik E. Prevention of preterm labour and delivery. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1993;7:499-521.
6. Hall MH. Incidence and distribution of preterm labour. In: Beard RW, Sharp F (Eds). Preterm Labour and its Consequences. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. London, 1985:5-13.
7. Florio P, Ignacchiti E, Severi FM, et al. Epidemiologia, Patogenesi e fattori di rischio. Prenatale 2001;5(3).
8. Kramer M, Platt R, Yang H, et al. Secular trends in preterm birth: a hospital based cohort study. JAMA 1998;280:1849-54.
9. Ministero della Salute. Certificato di assistenza al parto (CeDAP). Analisi dell’evento nascita - Anno 2003. Roma, 2005.
10. Greene MF. Outcomes of very low birth weight in young adults. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(3):146-8.
11. McCormick MC. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. N Engl J Med 1985;312:82-9.
12. Tomashek KM, Crouse CJ, Iyasu S, Johnson CH, Flowers LM. A comparison of morbidity rates attributable to conditions originating in the perinatal period among newborns discharged from United States Hospitals, 1989-90 and 1999-2000. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 2006;20:24-34.
13. Lumley J. Defining the problem: the epidemiology of preterm birth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;110(20):3-7.
14. Draper ES, Manktelow B, Field DJ, James D. Prediction of survival for preterm births by weight and gestational age: retrospective population based study. BMJ 1999;319:1093-7.
15. Horbar JD, Badger GJ, Carpenter JH et al. Trends in Mortality and Morbidity for Very Low Birth Weight Infants, 1991-1999. Pediatrics 2002;110:143-51.
16. Harding JE, Pang J, Knight DB, Liggins GC. Do antenatal corticosteroids help in the setting of preterm rupture of membranes? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:131-9.
17. Gaillard EA, Cooke RW, Shaw NJ. Improved survival and neurodevelopmental outcome after prolonged ventilation in preterm neonates who have received antenatal steroids and surfactant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 2001;84:194-6.
18. Truffert P, Goujard J, Dehan M, Vodovar M, Breart G. Outborn status with a medical neonatal transport service and survival without disability at two years: A populationbased cohort survey of newborns of less than 33 weeks of gestation. Eur J Obst Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;79:13-8.
19. Ozminkowski RJ, Wortman PM, Roloff DW. Inborn/outborn status and neonatal survival: a meta-analysis of non randomised studies. Stat Med 1988;7:1207-21.
20. Pasquier JC, Rabilloud M, Picaud JC, et al. A prospective population-based study of 598 cases of PPROM between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestation: description, management, and mortality (DOMINOS cohort). Eur J Obst Gynecol 2005;121:164-70.
21. Lemons JA, Bauer CR, Oh W, et al. Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, January 1995 Through December 1996. Pediatrics 2001;107(1):E1.
22. Wood NS, Marlow N, Costeloe K, et al. Neurologic and developmental disability after extremely preterm birth. EPICure Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343:378-84.
23. Cunningham FG. Williams obstetrics: the preterm infant, 18th ed. London: Prentice Hall International, 1989.
24. Victor YH, Yu MD. Developmental outcome of extremely preterm infants. Am J Perinatol 2000;17: 57-62.
25. Tin W, Wariyar U, Hey E. Changing prognosis for babies of less than 28 week’s gestation in the north of England between 1983 and
1994. BMJ 1997;314:107-15.
26. Trachtenbarg DE, Miller TC. Office care of the small, premature infant. Prim Care 1995; 22:1-2.
27. Acolet D, Elbourne D, McIntish N, et al. Project 27/28: inquiry into quality of neonatal care and its effects on the survival of infants who were born at 27 and 28 weeks in England, Wales, and Northen Ireland. Pediatrics 2005; 116:1457-65.
28. Bartolozzi G. La qualità delle cure neonatali nei nati dalla 27° alla 28° settimana ha effetti sulla sopravvivenza? Medico e Bambino pagine elettroniche 2006; 9 (http://www.medicoebambino. com/ ?id=el_0601).
29. Saigal S, Stoskopf B, Pinelli J, et al. Self- Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life of Former Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants at Young Adulthood. Pediatrics 2006;118:1140- 8.
30. Devins GM, Orme CM, Costello CG. Measuring depressive symptoms in illness populations: psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Psychol Health 1988;2:139-56.
31. Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
32. McCubbin H, Patternson J, Growchowski J. Young Adult Social Support Inventory (YASSI). In: McCubbin H, Thompson A, McCubbin M (Eds). Family Assessment: Resiliency, Coping, and Adaptation: Inventories for Research and Practice. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin System, 1996:391-403.
33. Saigal S, Stoskopf B, Streiner D, et al. Transition of Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants From Adolescence to Young Adulthood. Comparison With Normal Birth-Weight Controls. JAMA 2006;295(6):667-75.
34. Costeloe K, Gibson AT, Marlow N, Wilkinson AR. The EPICure Study: Outcome to discharge from hospital for babies born at the threshold of viability. Pediatrics 2000;106:659- 71.
35. Hack M, Fanaroff AA. Outcomes of children of extremely low birth weight and gestational age in the 1990s. Semin Neonatol 2000;5:89-106.
36. Vohr BR, Wright LL, Poole WK, McDonald SA. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants <32 weeks’ gestation between 1993 and 1998. Pediatrics 2005;116:635-43.
37. Vohr B R, Wright LL, Dusick AM, et al. Neurodevelopmental and Functional Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 1993-1994. Pediatrics 2000;105:1216- 26.
38. Wilson-Costello D, Friedman H, Minich N, Fanaroff AA, Hack M. Improved survival rates with increased neurodevelopmental disability for extremely low birth weight infants in the 1990s. Pediatrics 2005;115:997-1003.
39. De Vries LS, Van Haastert IL, Rademaker KJ, Koopman C, Groenendaal F. Ultrasound abnormalities preceding cerebral palsy in high- risk preterm infants. J Pediatr 2004;144: 815-20.
40. Zach T, Brown JC. Periventricular leukomalacia. eMedicine Journal 2001;2:Number 9.
41. Volpe JJ. Neurology of the newborn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 2000.
42. Wilson-Costello D, Borawski E, Friedman E, Redline R, Fanaroff AA, Hack M. Perinatal Correlates of Cerebral Palsy and Other Neurologic Impairment Among Very Low Birth Weight Children. Pediatrics 1998;102:315-22.
43. Regione Emilia-Romagna. La nascita pretermine in Emilia Romagna, Rapporto 2004.
44. Vermont Oxford Network. Annual Very Low Birth Weight (WLBW) Database Summary for 2004. Burlington (Vermont), 2004.
45. Moore AT. Brain injury and ocular motor abnormalities in surviving preterm infants. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:509-10.
46. O’Connor AR, Stephenson T, Johnson A, et al. Long-Term Ophthalmic Outcome of Low Birth Weight Children With and Without Retinopathy of Prematurity. Pediatrics 2002;109: 12-8.
47. Drillien MC. A longitudinal study of the growth and development of prematurely and maturely born children. VIII. Morbidity in the age period 2-5 years. Arch Dis Child 1961;36: 515-25.
48. Benton AL. Mental development of prematurely born children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1940;10:719-46.
49. Berges J, Lezine I. Le syndrome de l’ancien prématuré. Recherche sur sa signification. Revue de Neuropsichiatrie Infantile 1969;17:719-77.
50. Msall ME, Tremont MR. Functional outcomes in selfcare, mobility, communication, and learning in extremely low-birth weight infants. Clin Perinatol 2000;27:381-401.
51. Ornstein M, Ohlsson A, Edmonds J, Asztalos E. Neonatal follow-up of very low birth weight/extremely low birth weight infants to school age: a critical overview. Acta Pediatr Scand 1991;80:741-8.
52. Burguet A, Monnet E, Roth P, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age and not cerebral palsy at the age of 5 years. Arch Pediatr 2000;7(4):357-68.
53. Fily A, Pierrat V, Delporte V, Breart G, Truffert P, on behalf of the EPIPAGE Nord- Pas-de-Calais Study Group. Factors Associated with Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 2 Years After Very Preterm Birth: The Population- Based Nord-Pas-de-Calais EPIPAGE Cohort. Pediatrics 2006;117:357-66.
54. Wood N, Costeloe K, Gibson A, Hennessy E, Marlow N, Wilkinson AR, and the EPICure study group. The EPICure Study: Associations and antecedents of neurological and developmental disability at 30 months of age following extremely preterm birth. Arch Dis in Child Fetal Neonatal 2005;90:F134-F140.
55. Ritchie SK. Primary care of premature infant discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2002;27:76-85.
56. Agenzia di Sanità Pubblica della Regione Lazio. Progetto regionale sui parti e nati pretermine. Sintesi dei risultati. Anni 2003-2004. Roma; 2006.
57. Gessner BD, Muth PT. Perinatal care regionalization and low birth weight infant mortality rates in Alaska. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;185(3):623-8.
58. Gerber SE, Dobrez DG, Budetti PP. Managed care and perinatal regionalization in Washington State. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;98:139-43.
59. Mori R, Fujimura M, Shiraishi J, et al. Duration of inter-facility neonatal transport and neonatal mortality: Systematic review and cohort study. Pediatrics International 2007;49 (4):452-8.
60. Ministero della Salute. Piano Sanitario Nazionale 2006-2008. Roma, 2005.
Corrispondenza: lminelli@unipg.it