Farmacoriflessioni
I farmaci delle malattie infiammatorie croniche
FANS, steroidi, talidomide: gli inibitori della fase finale
della cascata infiammatoria
DRUGS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
G. Gortani, A. Tommasini, G. Di Leo, L. Lepore
Clinica Pediatrica, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste
Giugno 2008 - pagg. 381 -387
Abstract
The article describes the medications that are used to treat chronic inflammatory disorders,
and that act by inhibition of production of harmful substances. It presents the mechanism
of action of NSAIDs, glucocorticoids and thalidomide, their side effects and efficacy. Indications
concerning the choice of the appropriate medication in various disorders as
well as the way of administration and proper follow-up for minimizing side effects are provided.
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Robbins A. Le basi patologiche delle malattie.
VI ed. it. Milano: Piccin, 2000:57-101.
2. Marchetti F, Lenhardt A, Lazzerini M, et al. La talidomide. Medico e Bambino 2003;22: 517-23.
3. Goodman LS, Gilman A. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. XI ed. McGraw- Hill, 2005.
4. Cassidy. Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology, V ed. Elsevier Saunders, 2005:76-88.
5. Katzung BG. Farmacologia generale e clinica. V ed it. Milano: Piccin, 2003:630-52.
6. Giannini EH, Cawkwell GD. Drug treatment in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Past, present, and future. Pediatr Clin North Am 1995;42:1099-125.
7. Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Brewer EJ Jr. Time course of response to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:1433-7.
8. Hashkes PJ, Laxer RM. Medical treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JAMA 2005; 294:1671-84.
9. Bhettay E, Thomson AJ. Double-blind study of ketoprofen and indomethacin in juvenile chronic arthritis. S Afr Med J 1978;54:276-8.
10. Hollingworth P. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in paediatric rheumatic diseases. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:73-7.
11. Ministero della Salute. Guida all’uso di farmaci per i bambini. Roma: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2003.
12. Skeith KJ, Jamali F. Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs used in juvenile arthritis. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991;21:129-49.
13. Dowd JE, Cimaz R, Fink CW. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced gastroduodenal injury in children. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38:1225-31.
14. Keenan GF, Giannini EH, Athreya BH. Clinically significant gastropathy associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1149-51.
15. Singh D. Merck withdraws arthritis drug worldwide. BMJ 2004;329:816.
16. Cannon CP, Curtis SP, FitzGerald GA, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with etoricoxib and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the Multinational Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Arthritis Long-term (MEDAL) programme: a randomised comparison. Lancet 2006;368:1771-81.
17. Ruperto N, Nikishina I, Pachanov ED, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of two doses of meloxicam compared with naproxen in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: short- and long-term efficacy and safety results. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:563-72.
18. Marchetti F, Bua J, Maschio M, Barbi E. Il trattamento sintomatico della febbre e del dolore nella pratica ambulatoriale. Medico e Bambino 2005;24:47-54.
19. Hench PS, Kendall EC, Slocumb CH, Polley HF. The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc 1949;24:181-97.
20. Allison AC. Immunosuppressive drugs: the first 50 years and a glance forward. Immunopharmacology 2000;47:63-83.
21. Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids - new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1711-23.
22. Drigo I, Saccari A, Bacchin C, et al. Resistenza e ipersensibilità ai corticosteroidi. Dalla clinica alle basi molecolari: andata e ritorno. Medico e Bambino 2006;25:241-7.
23. Kirwan JR, Bijlsma JW, Boers M, Shea BJ. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD006356.
24. Carvalho R, Hyans JS. Diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 2007;16:164-71.
25. Rufo PA. Current therapy of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Pediatr Drugs 2006;8:279-302.
26. Robinson S. Medical Therapy of inflammatory bowel disease for the 21st century. Eur J Surg (Suppl) 1998;582:90-8.
27. Maggiore G, Sciveres M. Epatite autoimmune: cinquant’anni e non li dimostra! Medico e Bambino 2002;21:291-310.
28. Deshmukh CT. Minimizing side effects of systemic corticosteroids in children. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2007;73:218-21.
29. Filaretova L, Podvigina T, Bagaeva T, Bobryshev P, Takeuchi K. Gastroprotective role of glucocorticoid hormones. J Pharmacol Sci 2007;104:195-201.
30. Stanbury RM, Graham EM. Systemic corticosteroid therapy - side effects and their management. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:704-8.
31. Conn HO, Poynard T. Corticosteroids and peptic ulcer: meta-analysis of adverse events during steroid therapy. J Intern Med 1994;236: 619-32.
32. Kimura Y, Fieldston E, Devries-Vandervlugt B, Li S, Imundo L. High dose, alternate day corticosteroids for systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000;27: 2018-24.
33. Shulman DI, Palmert MR, Kemp SF; Lawson Wilkins Drug and Therapeutics Committee. Adrenal insufficiency: still a cause of morbidity and death in childhood. Pediatrics 2007; 119:e484-94.
34. LaRochelle GE Jr, LaRochelle AG, Ratner RE, Borenstein DG. Recovery of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving low-dose prednisolone. Am J Med 1993;95:258-64.
35. Sadeghi-Nejad A, Senior B. Adrenal function, growth, and insulin in patients treated with corticoids on alternate days. Pediatrics 1969;43:277-83.
36. Lamberts SW, Bruining HA, de Jong FH. Corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1285-92.
37. Seth A, Aggarwal A. Monitoring adverse reaction to steroid therapy in children. Indian Pediatr 2004;41:349-57.
38. Lukert BP, Raisz LG. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994;20:629-50.
39. Homik J, Suarez-Almazor ME, Shea B, Cranney A, Wells G, Tugwell P. Calcium and vitamin D for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2): CD000952.
40. Bianchi ML, Cimaz R, Bardare M, et al. Efficacy and safety of alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in diffuse connective tissue diseases in children: a prospective multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1960-6.
41. Peter G. Redbook. Report of the Comittee of Infectious Diseases. XXIV ed. Elk Grove Village: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997.
42. Maruotti N, Cantatore FP, Ribatti D. Thalidomide in treatment of connective diseases and vasculities. Reumatismo 2006;58:187-90.
43. Lehman TJ, Schechter SJ, Sundel RP, Oliveira SK, Huttenlocher A, Onel KB. Thalidomide for severe systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: A multicenter study. J Pediatr 2004;14:856-7.
44. Yasui K, Misawa Y, Shimizu T, Komiyama A, Kawakami T, Mizoguchi M. Thalidomide therapy for juvenile-onset entero-Behçet disease. J Pediatr 2003;143:692-4.
45. Yasui K, Uchida N, Akazawa Y, et al. Thalidomide for treatment of intestinal involvement of juvenile-onset Behçet disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:396-400.
46. Coelho A, Souto MI, Cardoso CR, et al. Long term thalidomide use in refractory cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus: a 65 series of Brazilian patients. Lupus 2005;14:434-9.
47. Lazzerini M, Martelossi S, Marchetti F, et al. Efficacy and safety of thalidomide in children and young adults with intractable inflammatory bowel disease: long-term results. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:419-27.
48. Marchetti F, Lazzerini M, Ventura A. A new opportunity for thalidomide? Further randomised controlled trial are necessary. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004;60:607-8.
2. Marchetti F, Lenhardt A, Lazzerini M, et al. La talidomide. Medico e Bambino 2003;22: 517-23.
3. Goodman LS, Gilman A. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. XI ed. McGraw- Hill, 2005.
4. Cassidy. Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology, V ed. Elsevier Saunders, 2005:76-88.
5. Katzung BG. Farmacologia generale e clinica. V ed it. Milano: Piccin, 2003:630-52.
6. Giannini EH, Cawkwell GD. Drug treatment in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Past, present, and future. Pediatr Clin North Am 1995;42:1099-125.
7. Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Brewer EJ Jr. Time course of response to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:1433-7.
8. Hashkes PJ, Laxer RM. Medical treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JAMA 2005; 294:1671-84.
9. Bhettay E, Thomson AJ. Double-blind study of ketoprofen and indomethacin in juvenile chronic arthritis. S Afr Med J 1978;54:276-8.
10. Hollingworth P. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in paediatric rheumatic diseases. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:73-7.
11. Ministero della Salute. Guida all’uso di farmaci per i bambini. Roma: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2003.
12. Skeith KJ, Jamali F. Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs used in juvenile arthritis. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991;21:129-49.
13. Dowd JE, Cimaz R, Fink CW. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced gastroduodenal injury in children. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38:1225-31.
14. Keenan GF, Giannini EH, Athreya BH. Clinically significant gastropathy associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1149-51.
15. Singh D. Merck withdraws arthritis drug worldwide. BMJ 2004;329:816.
16. Cannon CP, Curtis SP, FitzGerald GA, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with etoricoxib and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the Multinational Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Arthritis Long-term (MEDAL) programme: a randomised comparison. Lancet 2006;368:1771-81.
17. Ruperto N, Nikishina I, Pachanov ED, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of two doses of meloxicam compared with naproxen in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: short- and long-term efficacy and safety results. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:563-72.
18. Marchetti F, Bua J, Maschio M, Barbi E. Il trattamento sintomatico della febbre e del dolore nella pratica ambulatoriale. Medico e Bambino 2005;24:47-54.
19. Hench PS, Kendall EC, Slocumb CH, Polley HF. The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc 1949;24:181-97.
20. Allison AC. Immunosuppressive drugs: the first 50 years and a glance forward. Immunopharmacology 2000;47:63-83.
21. Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids - new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1711-23.
22. Drigo I, Saccari A, Bacchin C, et al. Resistenza e ipersensibilità ai corticosteroidi. Dalla clinica alle basi molecolari: andata e ritorno. Medico e Bambino 2006;25:241-7.
23. Kirwan JR, Bijlsma JW, Boers M, Shea BJ. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD006356.
24. Carvalho R, Hyans JS. Diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 2007;16:164-71.
25. Rufo PA. Current therapy of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Pediatr Drugs 2006;8:279-302.
26. Robinson S. Medical Therapy of inflammatory bowel disease for the 21st century. Eur J Surg (Suppl) 1998;582:90-8.
27. Maggiore G, Sciveres M. Epatite autoimmune: cinquant’anni e non li dimostra! Medico e Bambino 2002;21:291-310.
28. Deshmukh CT. Minimizing side effects of systemic corticosteroids in children. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2007;73:218-21.
29. Filaretova L, Podvigina T, Bagaeva T, Bobryshev P, Takeuchi K. Gastroprotective role of glucocorticoid hormones. J Pharmacol Sci 2007;104:195-201.
30. Stanbury RM, Graham EM. Systemic corticosteroid therapy - side effects and their management. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:704-8.
31. Conn HO, Poynard T. Corticosteroids and peptic ulcer: meta-analysis of adverse events during steroid therapy. J Intern Med 1994;236: 619-32.
32. Kimura Y, Fieldston E, Devries-Vandervlugt B, Li S, Imundo L. High dose, alternate day corticosteroids for systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000;27: 2018-24.
33. Shulman DI, Palmert MR, Kemp SF; Lawson Wilkins Drug and Therapeutics Committee. Adrenal insufficiency: still a cause of morbidity and death in childhood. Pediatrics 2007; 119:e484-94.
34. LaRochelle GE Jr, LaRochelle AG, Ratner RE, Borenstein DG. Recovery of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving low-dose prednisolone. Am J Med 1993;95:258-64.
35. Sadeghi-Nejad A, Senior B. Adrenal function, growth, and insulin in patients treated with corticoids on alternate days. Pediatrics 1969;43:277-83.
36. Lamberts SW, Bruining HA, de Jong FH. Corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1285-92.
37. Seth A, Aggarwal A. Monitoring adverse reaction to steroid therapy in children. Indian Pediatr 2004;41:349-57.
38. Lukert BP, Raisz LG. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994;20:629-50.
39. Homik J, Suarez-Almazor ME, Shea B, Cranney A, Wells G, Tugwell P. Calcium and vitamin D for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2): CD000952.
40. Bianchi ML, Cimaz R, Bardare M, et al. Efficacy and safety of alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in diffuse connective tissue diseases in children: a prospective multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1960-6.
41. Peter G. Redbook. Report of the Comittee of Infectious Diseases. XXIV ed. Elk Grove Village: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997.
42. Maruotti N, Cantatore FP, Ribatti D. Thalidomide in treatment of connective diseases and vasculities. Reumatismo 2006;58:187-90.
43. Lehman TJ, Schechter SJ, Sundel RP, Oliveira SK, Huttenlocher A, Onel KB. Thalidomide for severe systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: A multicenter study. J Pediatr 2004;14:856-7.
44. Yasui K, Misawa Y, Shimizu T, Komiyama A, Kawakami T, Mizoguchi M. Thalidomide therapy for juvenile-onset entero-Behçet disease. J Pediatr 2003;143:692-4.
45. Yasui K, Uchida N, Akazawa Y, et al. Thalidomide for treatment of intestinal involvement of juvenile-onset Behçet disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:396-400.
46. Coelho A, Souto MI, Cardoso CR, et al. Long term thalidomide use in refractory cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus: a 65 series of Brazilian patients. Lupus 2005;14:434-9.
47. Lazzerini M, Martelossi S, Marchetti F, et al. Efficacy and safety of thalidomide in children and young adults with intractable inflammatory bowel disease: long-term results. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:419-27.
48. Marchetti F, Lazzerini M, Ventura A. A new opportunity for thalidomide? Further randomised controlled trial are necessary. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004;60:607-8.
Corrispondenza: ggortani@hotmail.com