Problemi speciali
Il neonato "variamente" grosso
MACROSOMIC NEWBORN
Ettore Piro, Giovanni Corsello
Clinica Pediatrica e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, Università di Palermo
Settembre 2009 - pagg. 441 -447
Abstract
Neonatal macrosomia is a risk factor for morbidity in the mother and the newborn. The
main cause is maternal diabetes that, if present in the stages of embryonic development,
may be associated with malformations. Neonatal macrosomia may occur also in several
syndromes. The early prenatal identification, a precise etiopathogenetic definition and an
appropriate perinatal care can reduce the morbidity of the macrosomic newborn. Key elements
of care, with the aim of identifying developmental delays and preventing the metabolic
syndrome and overweight, are developmental surveillance and nutritional counselling.
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
dilemmas. OBG Management 2003;28-36.
2. Bertino E, et al. Progetto Policentrico Nazionale Carte Antropometriche Neonatali, 2009 (dati in corso di pubblicazione).
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Fetal macrosomia. ACOG Practice Bulletin 2000, n° 22.
4. Pedersen J. Pregnancy and the child of the diabetic woman. Dtsch Med J 1972;23:595-601.
5. Driul L, Cacciaguerra G, Citossi A, Della Martina M, Peressini L, Marchesoni D. Prepregnancy body mass index and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008;278:23-6.
6. Neave C. Congenital malformation in offsprings of diabetics. Perspectives Pediatr Pathol 1984;8:213-22.
7. Martinez-Frias ML. Epidemiological analysis of outcomes of pregnancy of diabetic mothers: Identification of the most characteristic and most frequent congenital anomalies. Am J Med Genet 1994;51:108-13.
8. Kousseff BG. Gestational diabetes mellitus (Class A): A human teratogen? Am J Med Genet 1999;83:402-8.
9. Christou H, Connors JM, Ziotopoulou M, et al. Cord blood leptin and insulin-like growth factor levels are independent predictors of fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Matab 2001;86:935-8.
10. Yang SW, Mim SY. The relationship of the levels of leptin, insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin in cord blood with birth size, ponderal index, and gender difference. J Pediatric Endocrinol Metab 2000;13:289-96.
11. Gerdes JS. Macrosomic infants of nondiabetic mothers and elevated C-peptide levels in cord blood. J Pediatr 1995;127:481-4.
12. Asplund CA, Seehusen DA, Callahan TL. Percentage change in antenatal Body Mass Index as a predictor of neonatal macrosomia. Ann Fam Med 2008;6:550-4.
13. Zhang X, Decker A, Platt RW, Kramer MS. How big is too big? The perinatal consequences of fetal macrosomia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:517 e1-6.
14. Divon MY. Diagnosis and management of macrosomia. Fetal Diagn Ther 1998;13(Suppl.): 31.
15. Zawiejska A, Wender E, Ozegowska ER, Brazert J, Sodowski K. Components of metabolic syndrome and their impact on fetal growth in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008;59(Suppl 4):5-18.
16. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Fetal Macrosomia. ACOG Practice Bulletin Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists. Number 22, November 2000.
17. Ogonowski J, Miazgowski TA, Czeszynska MB, Jaskot B, Kuczynska M, Celewicz Z. Factors influencing risk of macrosomia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus undergoing intensive diabetic care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;80:405-10.
18. Hackmon R, Le Scale KB, Corani J, Ferber A, Divon MY. Is severe macrosomia manifested at 11-14 weeks of gestation? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;32:740-3.
19. Pates JA, McIntire DD, Casey BM, Leveno KJ. Predicting Macrosomia. J Ultrasound Med 2008;27:39-43.
20. Iffy L, Brimacombe M, Apuzzio JJ, Varadi V, Portuondo N, Nagy B. The risk of shoulder dystocia related permanent fetal injury in relation to birth weight. Eur J Obst Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;136:53-60.
21. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Shoulder dystocia. Guideline No. 42, London; 2005.
22. Siggelkow W, Boehm D, Skala C, Grosslercher M, Schmidt M, Koelbl H. The influence of macrosomia on the duration of labor, the mode of delivery and intrapartum complications. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008;278:547-53.
23. Durnwald C, Huston-Presley L, Amini S, Catalano P. Evaluation of body composition of largefor- gestational-age infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with women with normal glucose tolerance levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:804-8.
24. Hammami M, Walters JC, Hockman EM, Koo WWK. Disproportionate alterations in body composition of large for gestational age neonates. J Pediatr 2001;138:817-21.
25. Silverman BL, Rizzo T, Green OC, et al. Longterm prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes 1991;40(Suppl. 2):121-5.
26. Weiss PAM, Scholz HS, Haas J, Tamussino KF, Seissler J, Borkenstein MH. Long-term follow- up of infants of mothers with Type I Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:905-11.
27. Dyer JS, Rosenfeld CR, Rice J, Rice M, Hardin DS. Insulin Resistance in Hispanic Large-for- Gestational-Age Neonates at Birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3836-43.
28. Dabelea D, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Birth weight, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance in Pima Indian children and young adults. Diabetes Care 1999;22:944-50.
29. Pettitt DJ, Aleck KA, Baird HR, Carraher MJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Congenital susceptibility to NIDDM: role of intrauterine environment. Diabetes 1988;371:622-8.
30. Plagemann A. A matter of insulin: developmental programming of body weight regulation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;2:143-8.
31. Bergmann RL, Richter R, Bergmann KE, Plagemann A, Brauer M, Dudenhausen JW. Secular trends in neonatal macrosomia in Berlin: influences of potential determinants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003;17:244-9.
32. Harder T, Plagemann A, Harder A. Birth weight and subsequent risk of childhood primary brain tumors: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:366-73.
33. Samaras TT, EIrick H, Storms LH. Birthweight, rapid growth, cancer and longevity: a review. J Nat Med Assoc 2003;95:1170-83.
34. Yeazel MW, Ross JA, Buckley JD, Woods WG, Ruccione K, Robinson LL. High birthweight and risk of specific childhood cancers: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. J Pediatr 1997;131:671-7.
35. Bromiker R, Rachamim A, Hammerman C, Schimmel M, Kaplan M, Medoff-Cooper B. Immature sucking patterns in infants of mothers with diabetes. J Pediatr 2006;149:640-3.
36. Kainer F, Prechtl HF, Engele H, Einspieler C. Assessment of the quality of general movements in fetuses and infants of women with type-I diabetes mellitus. Early Hum Dev 1997;50:13-25.
37. Rizzo TA, Dooley SL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Ogata ES, Silverman BL. Prenatal and perinatal influences on long-term psychomotor development in offspring of diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:1753-8.
38. OMIM, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/
39. Sotos JF, Argente J. Overgrowth disorders associated with tall stature. Adv Pediatr 2008; 55:213-54.
2. Bertino E, et al. Progetto Policentrico Nazionale Carte Antropometriche Neonatali, 2009 (dati in corso di pubblicazione).
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Fetal macrosomia. ACOG Practice Bulletin 2000, n° 22.
4. Pedersen J. Pregnancy and the child of the diabetic woman. Dtsch Med J 1972;23:595-601.
5. Driul L, Cacciaguerra G, Citossi A, Della Martina M, Peressini L, Marchesoni D. Prepregnancy body mass index and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008;278:23-6.
6. Neave C. Congenital malformation in offsprings of diabetics. Perspectives Pediatr Pathol 1984;8:213-22.
7. Martinez-Frias ML. Epidemiological analysis of outcomes of pregnancy of diabetic mothers: Identification of the most characteristic and most frequent congenital anomalies. Am J Med Genet 1994;51:108-13.
8. Kousseff BG. Gestational diabetes mellitus (Class A): A human teratogen? Am J Med Genet 1999;83:402-8.
9. Christou H, Connors JM, Ziotopoulou M, et al. Cord blood leptin and insulin-like growth factor levels are independent predictors of fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Matab 2001;86:935-8.
10. Yang SW, Mim SY. The relationship of the levels of leptin, insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin in cord blood with birth size, ponderal index, and gender difference. J Pediatric Endocrinol Metab 2000;13:289-96.
11. Gerdes JS. Macrosomic infants of nondiabetic mothers and elevated C-peptide levels in cord blood. J Pediatr 1995;127:481-4.
12. Asplund CA, Seehusen DA, Callahan TL. Percentage change in antenatal Body Mass Index as a predictor of neonatal macrosomia. Ann Fam Med 2008;6:550-4.
13. Zhang X, Decker A, Platt RW, Kramer MS. How big is too big? The perinatal consequences of fetal macrosomia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:517 e1-6.
14. Divon MY. Diagnosis and management of macrosomia. Fetal Diagn Ther 1998;13(Suppl.): 31.
15. Zawiejska A, Wender E, Ozegowska ER, Brazert J, Sodowski K. Components of metabolic syndrome and their impact on fetal growth in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008;59(Suppl 4):5-18.
16. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Fetal Macrosomia. ACOG Practice Bulletin Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists. Number 22, November 2000.
17. Ogonowski J, Miazgowski TA, Czeszynska MB, Jaskot B, Kuczynska M, Celewicz Z. Factors influencing risk of macrosomia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus undergoing intensive diabetic care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;80:405-10.
18. Hackmon R, Le Scale KB, Corani J, Ferber A, Divon MY. Is severe macrosomia manifested at 11-14 weeks of gestation? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;32:740-3.
19. Pates JA, McIntire DD, Casey BM, Leveno KJ. Predicting Macrosomia. J Ultrasound Med 2008;27:39-43.
20. Iffy L, Brimacombe M, Apuzzio JJ, Varadi V, Portuondo N, Nagy B. The risk of shoulder dystocia related permanent fetal injury in relation to birth weight. Eur J Obst Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;136:53-60.
21. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Shoulder dystocia. Guideline No. 42, London; 2005.
22. Siggelkow W, Boehm D, Skala C, Grosslercher M, Schmidt M, Koelbl H. The influence of macrosomia on the duration of labor, the mode of delivery and intrapartum complications. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008;278:547-53.
23. Durnwald C, Huston-Presley L, Amini S, Catalano P. Evaluation of body composition of largefor- gestational-age infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with women with normal glucose tolerance levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:804-8.
24. Hammami M, Walters JC, Hockman EM, Koo WWK. Disproportionate alterations in body composition of large for gestational age neonates. J Pediatr 2001;138:817-21.
25. Silverman BL, Rizzo T, Green OC, et al. Longterm prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes 1991;40(Suppl. 2):121-5.
26. Weiss PAM, Scholz HS, Haas J, Tamussino KF, Seissler J, Borkenstein MH. Long-term follow- up of infants of mothers with Type I Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:905-11.
27. Dyer JS, Rosenfeld CR, Rice J, Rice M, Hardin DS. Insulin Resistance in Hispanic Large-for- Gestational-Age Neonates at Birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3836-43.
28. Dabelea D, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Birth weight, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance in Pima Indian children and young adults. Diabetes Care 1999;22:944-50.
29. Pettitt DJ, Aleck KA, Baird HR, Carraher MJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Congenital susceptibility to NIDDM: role of intrauterine environment. Diabetes 1988;371:622-8.
30. Plagemann A. A matter of insulin: developmental programming of body weight regulation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;2:143-8.
31. Bergmann RL, Richter R, Bergmann KE, Plagemann A, Brauer M, Dudenhausen JW. Secular trends in neonatal macrosomia in Berlin: influences of potential determinants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003;17:244-9.
32. Harder T, Plagemann A, Harder A. Birth weight and subsequent risk of childhood primary brain tumors: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:366-73.
33. Samaras TT, EIrick H, Storms LH. Birthweight, rapid growth, cancer and longevity: a review. J Nat Med Assoc 2003;95:1170-83.
34. Yeazel MW, Ross JA, Buckley JD, Woods WG, Ruccione K, Robinson LL. High birthweight and risk of specific childhood cancers: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. J Pediatr 1997;131:671-7.
35. Bromiker R, Rachamim A, Hammerman C, Schimmel M, Kaplan M, Medoff-Cooper B. Immature sucking patterns in infants of mothers with diabetes. J Pediatr 2006;149:640-3.
36. Kainer F, Prechtl HF, Engele H, Einspieler C. Assessment of the quality of general movements in fetuses and infants of women with type-I diabetes mellitus. Early Hum Dev 1997;50:13-25.
37. Rizzo TA, Dooley SL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Ogata ES, Silverman BL. Prenatal and perinatal influences on long-term psychomotor development in offspring of diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:1753-8.
38. OMIM, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/
39. Sotos JF, Argente J. Overgrowth disorders associated with tall stature. Adv Pediatr 2008; 55:213-54.
Corrispondenza: ettore.piro@unipa.it