Ricerca
Quali curve di crescita per la diagnosi precoce di eccesso ponderale in età scolare?
WHICH GROWTH-CURVE STANDARDS FOR EARLY ASSESSMENT OF OVERWEIGHT IN SCHOLAR-AGE?
Rita Tanas1, Alessandro Beccati2, Maria Marsella1, Augusta Albertini2, Francesca Celenza2, Giuseppe Gilli3
1Divisione di Pediatria e di Adolescentologia, Azienda Universitaria-Ospedaliera di Ferrara
2Nutrizione, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, AUSL di Bologna
3Dipartimento di Fisica Sanitaria, Azienda Universitaria-Ospedaliera di Ferrara
Febbraio 2010 - pagg. 103 -111
Abstract
Objectives - The high incidence of obesity registered among children worldwide urgently requests
the identification of simple, shared instruments for early diagnosis and treatment. The
aims of our study were to illustrate how the choice of growth curves can influence this objective
and to evaluate the opportunity of using the growth curves proposed by World Health
Organization (WHO) for subjects 5-19 years of age.
Methods - Using anthropometric data from a nutritional survey conducted on 2,804 children
from preschools, primary, and secondary schools in Bologna, we calculated BMIz-scores
according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Luciano’s, the Italian Society
of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (SIEDP) and the WHO growth curves.
Results - The percentage of overweight or moderate/severe obese children varied according
to the different growth curves. It is higher with WHO growth standards, especially in preschool
and primary school children. The discordance is more significant between SIEDP
and WHO growth curves.
Conclusions - Recent Italian SIEDP growth curves underestimate the incidence of overweight/
obesity in our population and therefore do not meet the goal of early identifying patients
for preventive/therapeutic programmes. The WHO growth curves may be more
helpful, although this also means treating a higher number of children with presumably efficacious
and safe programmes.
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
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3. Barlow SE; Expert Committee. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120(suppl 4): S164-92.
4. Smith SM, Gately P, Rudolf M. Can we recognise obesity clinically? Arch Dis Child 2008;93;1065-6.
5. Pietrobelli A, Faith MS, Allison DB, Gallagher D, Chiumello G, Heymsfield SB. Body mass index as a measure of adiposity among children and adolescents: a validation study. J Pediatr 1998;132:204-10.
6. Ezzati M, Friedman AB, Kulkarni SC, Murray CJ. The reversal of fortunes: trends in county mortality and cross-county mortality disparities in the United States. PLoS Med 2008;5:e66.
7. Rolland-Cachera MF, Cole TJ, Sempè M, Tichet J, Rossignol C, Charroud E. Body mass index variations: centiles from birth to 87 years. Eur J Nutr 1991;45:13-21.
8. Luciano A, Bressan F, Zoppi G. Body mass index curves for children aged 3-19 years from Verona, Italy. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:6-10.
9. Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Stat Med 1998;17:407-29.
10. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer- Strawn LM, et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Datazvol 2000;314:1-27.
11. Cacciari E, Milani S, Balsamo A, et al. Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (6-20y). Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:171-80.
12. Cacciari E, Milani S, Balsamo A, et al. Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2-20y). J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29:581-93.
13. Mei Z, Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Grummer- Strawn LM. Comparison of the prevalence of shortness, underweight, and overweight among US children aged 0 to 59 months by using the CDC 2000 and the WHO 2006 growth charts. J Pediatr 2008;153:622-8.
14. Huang JS, Donohue M, Golnari G, et al. Pediatricians’ weight assessment and obesity management practices. BMC Pediatr 2009;9: 19.
15. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000;320:1240-3.
16. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO child growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr 2006;(suppl 450):76-85.
17. Tamburlini G. Le nuove curve di crescita dell’OMS. Medico e Bambino 2006;25:315-6.
18. Wright C, Lakshman R, Emmett P, Ong KK. Implications of adopting the WHO 2006 Child Growth Standard in the UK: two prospective cohort studies. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93:549-51.
19. van Dijk CE, Innis SM. Growth-curve standards and the assessment of early excess weight gain in infancy. Pediatrics 2009;123:102-8.
20. Hui LL, Schooling CM, Cowling BJ, Leung SS, Lam TH, Leung GM. Are universal standards for optimal infant growth appropriate? Evidence from a Hong Kong Chinese birth cohort. Arch Dis Child 2008;93:549-51.
21. Caroli M. New standard growth curves of WHO: rationale, project and validation. Minerva Pediatr 2007;59:510-1.
22. Butte NE, Garza C, de Onis M. Evaluation of the feasibility of international growth standards for school-aged children and adolescents. Food Nutr Bull 2006;27(4 Suppl Growth Standard):S169-74.
23. De Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 2007;85:660-7.
24. Albertini A, Tripodi A, Fabbri A, et al. Prevalence of obesity in 6- and 9-year-old children living in Central-North Italy. Analysis of determinants and indicators of risk of overweight. Obes Rev 2008;9:4-10.
25. Krebs NF, Himes JH, Jacobson D, Nicklas TA, Guilday P, Styne D. Assessment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity. Pediatrics. 2007;120 (suppl 4):S193-228.
26. Spinelli A, Baglio G, Cattaneo C, Fontana G, Lamberti A; Gruppo OKkio alla SALUTE; Coorte PROFEA anno 2006. Promotion of healthy life style and growth in primary school children (OKkio alla SALUTE). Ann Ig 2008;20:337-44. http://www.ministerosalute. it/imgs/C_17_primopianoNuovo_188_docum enti_itemDocumenti_1_fileDocumento.pdf.
27. Davis MM, Gance-Cleveland B, Hassink S, Johnson R, Paradis G, Resnicow K. Recommendations for prevention of childhood obesity. Pediatrics 2007;120(suppl 4):S229-53.
28. Evans A, He M. Are parents aware that their children are overweight or obese? Do they care? Can Fam Physician 2007;53:1493-9.
29. Spear BA, Barlow SE, Ervin C, et al. Recommendations for treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity. Pediatrics 2007;120(suppl 4):S254-88.
30. Lazzeri G, Rossi S, Pammolli A, Pilato V, Pozzi T, Giacchi MV. Underweight and overweight among children and adolescents in Tuscany (Italy). Prevalence and short-term trends. J Prev Med Hyg 2008;49:13-21.
31. Neumark-Sztainer D, Palti H, Butler R. Weight concerns and dieting behaviors among high school girls in Israel. J Adolesc Health 1995;16:53-9.
32. Patton GC, Selzer R, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Wolfe R. Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years. BMJ 1999;318:765-8.
33. Caprio S. Treating child obesity and associated medical conditions. Future Child 2006; 16:209-24.
34. Oude Luttikhuis H, Baur L, Jansen H, et al. Interventions for treating obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;21(1): CD001872.
35. Whitlock EP, O’Connor EA, Williams SB, Beil TL, Lutz KW. Effectiveness of weight management interventions in children: a targeted systematic review for the USPSTF. Pediatrics 2010;125:e396-418.
36. Golley RK, Magarey AM, Baur LA, Steinbeck KS, Daniels LA. Weight-Management Program for Prepubertal Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 2007;119: 517-25.
37. Kalavainen MP, Korppi MO, Nuutinen OM. Clinical efficacy of group-based treatment for childhood obesity compared with routinely given individual counseling. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1500-8.
38. Reinehr T, Temmesfeld M, Kersting M, de Sousa G, Toschke AM. Four-year follow-up of children and adolescents participating in an obesity intervention program. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1074-7.
39. Schwartz RP, Hamre R, Dietz WH, et al. Office- based motivational interviewing to prevent childhood obesity: a feasibility study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:495-501.
40. Tanas R, Marcolongo R, Pedretti S, Gilli G. A family-based education program for obesity: a three-year study. BMC Pediatr 2007;7:33.
41. Tanas R, Marcolongo R, Pedretti S, Gilli G. L’educazione terapeutica familiare nel trattamento dell’obesità. Medico e Bambino 2007; 26:393-6. pagine elettroniche 10(6) http:// www.medicoebambino.com/index.php?id=RI 0706_10.html.
42. Johnson SS, Paiva AL, Cummins CO, et al. Transtheoretical model-based multiple behavior intervention for weight management: effectiveness on a population basis. Prev Med 2008;46:238-46.
43. Prochaska JO, Butterworth S, Redding CA, et al. Initial efficacy of MI, TTM tailoring and HRI’s with multiple behaviors for employee health promotion. Prev Med 2008;46: 226-31.
44. Weigel C, Kokocinski K, Lederer P, Dötsch J, Rascher W, Knerr I. Childhood obesity: concept, feasibility, and interim results of a local group-based, long-term treatment program. J Nutr Educ Behav 2008;40:369-73.
45. Pelletier-Fleury N, Le Vaillant M, Franc C, Rosman S. Prevention of obesity in daily practice: a telephone survey among pediatricians in France. Am J Prev Med 2006;31:533.
46. Schwartz RP, Hamre R, Dietz WH, et al. Office- based motivational interviewing to prevent childhood obesity: a feasibility study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:495-501.
2. Tanas R, Albertini A, Casarini T, Armari S, Bottazzi M. Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Bologna, Italy: 1974-2002. Rivista Italiana di Medicina dell’Adolescenza 2006;4:38-40.
3. Barlow SE; Expert Committee. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120(suppl 4): S164-92.
4. Smith SM, Gately P, Rudolf M. Can we recognise obesity clinically? Arch Dis Child 2008;93;1065-6.
5. Pietrobelli A, Faith MS, Allison DB, Gallagher D, Chiumello G, Heymsfield SB. Body mass index as a measure of adiposity among children and adolescents: a validation study. J Pediatr 1998;132:204-10.
6. Ezzati M, Friedman AB, Kulkarni SC, Murray CJ. The reversal of fortunes: trends in county mortality and cross-county mortality disparities in the United States. PLoS Med 2008;5:e66.
7. Rolland-Cachera MF, Cole TJ, Sempè M, Tichet J, Rossignol C, Charroud E. Body mass index variations: centiles from birth to 87 years. Eur J Nutr 1991;45:13-21.
8. Luciano A, Bressan F, Zoppi G. Body mass index curves for children aged 3-19 years from Verona, Italy. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:6-10.
9. Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Stat Med 1998;17:407-29.
10. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer- Strawn LM, et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Datazvol 2000;314:1-27.
11. Cacciari E, Milani S, Balsamo A, et al. Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (6-20y). Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:171-80.
12. Cacciari E, Milani S, Balsamo A, et al. Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2-20y). J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29:581-93.
13. Mei Z, Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Grummer- Strawn LM. Comparison of the prevalence of shortness, underweight, and overweight among US children aged 0 to 59 months by using the CDC 2000 and the WHO 2006 growth charts. J Pediatr 2008;153:622-8.
14. Huang JS, Donohue M, Golnari G, et al. Pediatricians’ weight assessment and obesity management practices. BMC Pediatr 2009;9: 19.
15. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000;320:1240-3.
16. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO child growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr 2006;(suppl 450):76-85.
17. Tamburlini G. Le nuove curve di crescita dell’OMS. Medico e Bambino 2006;25:315-6.
18. Wright C, Lakshman R, Emmett P, Ong KK. Implications of adopting the WHO 2006 Child Growth Standard in the UK: two prospective cohort studies. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93:549-51.
19. van Dijk CE, Innis SM. Growth-curve standards and the assessment of early excess weight gain in infancy. Pediatrics 2009;123:102-8.
20. Hui LL, Schooling CM, Cowling BJ, Leung SS, Lam TH, Leung GM. Are universal standards for optimal infant growth appropriate? Evidence from a Hong Kong Chinese birth cohort. Arch Dis Child 2008;93:549-51.
21. Caroli M. New standard growth curves of WHO: rationale, project and validation. Minerva Pediatr 2007;59:510-1.
22. Butte NE, Garza C, de Onis M. Evaluation of the feasibility of international growth standards for school-aged children and adolescents. Food Nutr Bull 2006;27(4 Suppl Growth Standard):S169-74.
23. De Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 2007;85:660-7.
24. Albertini A, Tripodi A, Fabbri A, et al. Prevalence of obesity in 6- and 9-year-old children living in Central-North Italy. Analysis of determinants and indicators of risk of overweight. Obes Rev 2008;9:4-10.
25. Krebs NF, Himes JH, Jacobson D, Nicklas TA, Guilday P, Styne D. Assessment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity. Pediatrics. 2007;120 (suppl 4):S193-228.
26. Spinelli A, Baglio G, Cattaneo C, Fontana G, Lamberti A; Gruppo OKkio alla SALUTE; Coorte PROFEA anno 2006. Promotion of healthy life style and growth in primary school children (OKkio alla SALUTE). Ann Ig 2008;20:337-44. http://www.ministerosalute. it/imgs/C_17_primopianoNuovo_188_docum enti_itemDocumenti_1_fileDocumento.pdf.
27. Davis MM, Gance-Cleveland B, Hassink S, Johnson R, Paradis G, Resnicow K. Recommendations for prevention of childhood obesity. Pediatrics 2007;120(suppl 4):S229-53.
28. Evans A, He M. Are parents aware that their children are overweight or obese? Do they care? Can Fam Physician 2007;53:1493-9.
29. Spear BA, Barlow SE, Ervin C, et al. Recommendations for treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity. Pediatrics 2007;120(suppl 4):S254-88.
30. Lazzeri G, Rossi S, Pammolli A, Pilato V, Pozzi T, Giacchi MV. Underweight and overweight among children and adolescents in Tuscany (Italy). Prevalence and short-term trends. J Prev Med Hyg 2008;49:13-21.
31. Neumark-Sztainer D, Palti H, Butler R. Weight concerns and dieting behaviors among high school girls in Israel. J Adolesc Health 1995;16:53-9.
32. Patton GC, Selzer R, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Wolfe R. Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years. BMJ 1999;318:765-8.
33. Caprio S. Treating child obesity and associated medical conditions. Future Child 2006; 16:209-24.
34. Oude Luttikhuis H, Baur L, Jansen H, et al. Interventions for treating obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;21(1): CD001872.
35. Whitlock EP, O’Connor EA, Williams SB, Beil TL, Lutz KW. Effectiveness of weight management interventions in children: a targeted systematic review for the USPSTF. Pediatrics 2010;125:e396-418.
36. Golley RK, Magarey AM, Baur LA, Steinbeck KS, Daniels LA. Weight-Management Program for Prepubertal Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 2007;119: 517-25.
37. Kalavainen MP, Korppi MO, Nuutinen OM. Clinical efficacy of group-based treatment for childhood obesity compared with routinely given individual counseling. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1500-8.
38. Reinehr T, Temmesfeld M, Kersting M, de Sousa G, Toschke AM. Four-year follow-up of children and adolescents participating in an obesity intervention program. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1074-7.
39. Schwartz RP, Hamre R, Dietz WH, et al. Office- based motivational interviewing to prevent childhood obesity: a feasibility study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:495-501.
40. Tanas R, Marcolongo R, Pedretti S, Gilli G. A family-based education program for obesity: a three-year study. BMC Pediatr 2007;7:33.
41. Tanas R, Marcolongo R, Pedretti S, Gilli G. L’educazione terapeutica familiare nel trattamento dell’obesità. Medico e Bambino 2007; 26:393-6. pagine elettroniche 10(6) http:// www.medicoebambino.com/index.php?id=RI 0706_10.html.
42. Johnson SS, Paiva AL, Cummins CO, et al. Transtheoretical model-based multiple behavior intervention for weight management: effectiveness on a population basis. Prev Med 2008;46:238-46.
43. Prochaska JO, Butterworth S, Redding CA, et al. Initial efficacy of MI, TTM tailoring and HRI’s with multiple behaviors for employee health promotion. Prev Med 2008;46: 226-31.
44. Weigel C, Kokocinski K, Lederer P, Dötsch J, Rascher W, Knerr I. Childhood obesity: concept, feasibility, and interim results of a local group-based, long-term treatment program. J Nutr Educ Behav 2008;40:369-73.
45. Pelletier-Fleury N, Le Vaillant M, Franc C, Rosman S. Prevention of obesity in daily practice: a telephone survey among pediatricians in France. Am J Prev Med 2006;31:533.
46. Schwartz RP, Hamre R, Dietz WH, et al. Office- based motivational interviewing to prevent childhood obesity: a feasibility study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:495-501.
Corrispondenza: tanas.rita@tin.it