Focus
NEUROPEDIATRIA
Lo sviluppo neurale e i suoi disturbi
NEURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS DISORDERS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES
Franco Panizon
Professore Emerito, Dipartimento di Scienze della Riproduzione e dello Sviluppo, Università di Trieste
Gennaio 2011 - pagg. 17 -32
Abstract
The study of brain cortex and white matter through functional neuroimaging during the
development from the embryo to the adult shows some growth pattern, substantially continuous,
and chronologically different in females (anticipated) with respect to males, but
also (slightly) different qualitatively, with (morphological) outcomes that can be defined
as sexual dimorphism An important difference between male and female brains is that
the main learning disabilities and behavioural disorders are predominant in males.
Magnetic resonance enables to define the seat of the lesions of the main behavioural
disorders in children quite well. For example, the thickening and hypoperfusion of the
temporoparietal cortex can be observed in autism, the maturity retardation of the right
frontal cortex in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, the general migration
disorder with predominant damage to the frontal temporoparietal junction in dyslexia
and the total defect of encephalitic development with damage to the superior longitudinal
fasciculus in the damage due to prematurity. The knowledge of the seat and character
of these defects, besides explaining the nature of the disorder on organic basis,
helps to direct and assess the rehabilitative intervention.
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
Sviluppo normale
1. Marsh R, Gerber A J, Peterson BS. Neuroimaging studies of normal brain development and their relevance for understanding childhood neuropsichiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;47:1233- 51.
2. Bystron I, Blakemore C, Rakic P. Development of the human cerebral cortex boulder committee revisited. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:110-22.
3. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Leonard CM, Welcome SE, Kan E, Toga AW. Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children. J Neurosci 2004; 24:8223-31.
4. Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW. Mapping cortical change across life span. Nat Neurosci 2003;6:309-15.
5. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Tessner KD, Toga AW. Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex:inverse relationship during postadolescent brain maturation. J Neurosci 2001;21:8819-29.
6. Huttenlocher PR. Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development. Neuropsychologia 1990;28:517-27.
7. Giedd JN, Vaituzis AC, Hambuger SD. Quantitative MRI of temporal lobe, amygdala and hyppocampus in normal human development: ages 4-18 yers. J Comp Neurol 1966; 366:223-30.
8. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO. Brain development during childood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosc 1999;10:861-3.
9. Shaw P, KabaniNJ, Lerch JP. Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 2008;28:3586-94. Dimorfismo sessuale
10. Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Kan E. Sex differences in cortical thickness mapped in 176 healthy individuals between 7 and 8 years of age. Cereb Cortex 2007;17:1550-60.
11. Lenroot RK, Gogtay N, Greenstein DK. Sexual dimorphism of brain devopmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence. Neuroimage 2007;36:165-73.
12. Cameron J. Effects of sex hormones in brain development. In: Nelson CA, Luciana M (Eds). Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
13. Turetsky BI, Matsui M. Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healty young adult: correlations with cognitive performance. J Neurosci 1999;19:4065-72.
14. Panizon F. Cosa succede nella testa dell’adolescente (maschio e femmina). Medico e Bambino 2009;28:95-104.
15. Giedd J, Vaituzis CA, Hamburger SD. Quantitative MRI of temporal lobe, amigdala and hyppocampus in normal human development, ages 4/18 years. J Comparative Neurol 1996;366:223-30.
16. Tiemeier H, Lenroot RK, Greenstein DK, Tran L, Pierson R, Giedd JN. Cerebellun development during childhood and adolescente. Neuroimage 2010;49:63-70.
17. Jones CM, Braithwaite VA, Healy SD. The evolution of sex differences in spatial ability. Behav Neurosci 2003;117:403-11.
18. Schulz KM, Sisk CL. Pubertal hormones organizes the adolescent brain and behavior. Front Neuroendocrinal 2005;26:163-74.
19. Schulz KM, Sisk CL. Pubertal hormones organize the adolescet bran and the maturation of social behviors. Lesson fron Syrian hamster mol. Cell Endocrinol 2006;254/ 55:120-6. Prematurità
20. Kutschera J, Tommaselli J, Maurer U. Minor neurological dysfuncton, cognitive development and somatic development at the age of 3 to 11 years in very low birth weight infants with transient periventricular echodensity. Acta Paediatr 2006;95:1577-81.
21. Eaton L. Ethics group rules on treating premature babies. BMJ 2006;333:1033.
22. Larroque B, Ancel PY, Marret S. Neurodevelopmental disabilities and special care of 5 years old children born before 33 weeks of gestation (the EPIPAGE study) a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2008;371:813-20.
23. Tan MJ, Cooke RW. Improving head growth in preterm infants - a randomised controlled trial I: neonatal outcomes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008;93:F337-41.
24. Frye RE, Hasan K, Malmberg B, et al. Superior longitudinal fasciculus and cognitive dysfunction in adolescents born preterm and at term. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52:760-6. Autismo
25. Brambilla P, Hardan A, di Nemi SU, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of autism. Funct Neurol 2004;19:9-17.
26. Zilbovicius M, Meresse I, Boddaert N. Autism: neuroimaging. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2006; 28 S 1 doi: 10.1590/S- 44462006000500004.
27. Zilbovicius M, Boddaert N, Belin P, et al. Temporal lobe dysfunction in childhood autism: a PET study. Positron Emission Tomography. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:1988-93.
28. Onhishi T, Matsuda H, Hashimoto T. Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow in childhood autism. Brain 2000;123:1838-44.
29. Pierce K, Muller RA, Ambrose J, Allen G, Courchesne E. Face processing occours otside the fusiform “face area” in autism. Evidence from functional MRI. Brain 2001;124:2059- 73.
30. Ogai M, Matsumoto H, Suzuki K. fMRI study of recognition of facial expression in high functioning autistic patients. Neuroreport 2003;14:559-63.
31. Saxe R, Kanwisher N. People thinking about thinking people. The role of the temporo- parietal junction in “theory of mind”. Neuroimage 2003;19:1835-42.
32. Ben Bashat D, Kronfeld-Duenias V, Zachor DA, et al. Accelerated maturation of white matter in young children with autism: a high value DWI study. Neuroimage 2007; 37: 40-7.
33. Hughes C, Russell J, Robbins TW. Evidence for executive dysfuncton in autism. Neuropsychologia 1994;32:477-92.
34. Muller RA, Pierce K, Ambrose JB, Allen G, Courchesne E. Atypical pattern of cerebral motor activation in autism: a functional magnetic resonance study. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:665-76.
35. Muller RA, Kleinhans N, Kemmotsu M, Courchesne E. Abnormal variability and distribution of functional maps in autism: an FMR study of visuomotor learning. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1847-62.
36. Corchesne E, Karns CM, Davis HR. Unusual brain growth pattern in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study. Neurology 2001;57:245-54.
37. Sparks BF, Friedman SD, Shaw DW. Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autistic spectrum disorder. Neurology 2002;59:184-92. Dislessia
38. Deahene S. Il cervello dislessico in: I neuroni della lettura. Milano: Raffello Cortina Editore, 2009:271-95.
39. Galaburda AM, Lo Turco J, Ramus P, Fitch RH, Rosen GD. From genes to behavior in the developmental dyslexia. Nature Neuroscience 2006;9:1213-7.
40. Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Pugh KR, et al. Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biological Psychiatry 2002;52:101-10.
41. Salmelin R, Service E, Kiesila P, Uutela K, Salonen O. Impaired visual word processing in dyslexia revealed with magnetoencephalography. Ann Neurol 1996;40:157-62.
42. Galaburda AM, Menard MT, Rosen GD. Evidence for aberrant auditory anatomy in developmental dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:8010-13.
43. Simos PG, Breier JL, Fletcher JM, Bergman E, Papanicolaou AC. Cerebral mechanism involved in word reading in dyslexic children. A magnetic source imaging approach. Cereb Cortex 2006;12:809-16. ADHD
44. Liston C, Watts R, Tottenham N, et al. Frontostriatal microstructure modulates efficient recruitment of cognitive control. Cereb Cortex 2006;16:553-60.
45. Marsh R, Zhu H, Schultz RT. A developmental fMRI study of self-regulatory control. Hum Brain Mapp 2006;27:848-63.
46. Silk TJ, Vance A, Rinehart N, Bradshaw JL, Cunnington R. White-matter abnormalities in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30:2757-65.
47. Cherkasova MV, Hechtman L. Neuroimaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the frontostriatal circuity. Can J Psychiatry 2009;54:651-64.
48. Dickstein SG, Bannon K, Costellnos FX, Milham MP. The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006;47:1051-62.
49. Quintero J, Navas M, Fernandez A, Ortiz T. Advances in attention deficit hyperactivity. What dose neuroimaging provide us with. Acta Esp Psiquiatr 2009;37:352-8.
50. Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H. Structural and functional neuoroanatomy of attention deficit hyperativity disorder (ADHD). Encephale 2009;35:107-14.
51. Shaw P, Rabin C. New insights into attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: structural neuroimaging. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2009; 11:393-8.
1. Marsh R, Gerber A J, Peterson BS. Neuroimaging studies of normal brain development and their relevance for understanding childhood neuropsichiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;47:1233- 51.
2. Bystron I, Blakemore C, Rakic P. Development of the human cerebral cortex boulder committee revisited. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:110-22.
3. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Leonard CM, Welcome SE, Kan E, Toga AW. Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children. J Neurosci 2004; 24:8223-31.
4. Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW. Mapping cortical change across life span. Nat Neurosci 2003;6:309-15.
5. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Tessner KD, Toga AW. Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex:inverse relationship during postadolescent brain maturation. J Neurosci 2001;21:8819-29.
6. Huttenlocher PR. Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development. Neuropsychologia 1990;28:517-27.
7. Giedd JN, Vaituzis AC, Hambuger SD. Quantitative MRI of temporal lobe, amygdala and hyppocampus in normal human development: ages 4-18 yers. J Comp Neurol 1966; 366:223-30.
8. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO. Brain development during childood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosc 1999;10:861-3.
9. Shaw P, KabaniNJ, Lerch JP. Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 2008;28:3586-94. Dimorfismo sessuale
10. Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Kan E. Sex differences in cortical thickness mapped in 176 healthy individuals between 7 and 8 years of age. Cereb Cortex 2007;17:1550-60.
11. Lenroot RK, Gogtay N, Greenstein DK. Sexual dimorphism of brain devopmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence. Neuroimage 2007;36:165-73.
12. Cameron J. Effects of sex hormones in brain development. In: Nelson CA, Luciana M (Eds). Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
13. Turetsky BI, Matsui M. Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healty young adult: correlations with cognitive performance. J Neurosci 1999;19:4065-72.
14. Panizon F. Cosa succede nella testa dell’adolescente (maschio e femmina). Medico e Bambino 2009;28:95-104.
15. Giedd J, Vaituzis CA, Hamburger SD. Quantitative MRI of temporal lobe, amigdala and hyppocampus in normal human development, ages 4/18 years. J Comparative Neurol 1996;366:223-30.
16. Tiemeier H, Lenroot RK, Greenstein DK, Tran L, Pierson R, Giedd JN. Cerebellun development during childhood and adolescente. Neuroimage 2010;49:63-70.
17. Jones CM, Braithwaite VA, Healy SD. The evolution of sex differences in spatial ability. Behav Neurosci 2003;117:403-11.
18. Schulz KM, Sisk CL. Pubertal hormones organizes the adolescent brain and behavior. Front Neuroendocrinal 2005;26:163-74.
19. Schulz KM, Sisk CL. Pubertal hormones organize the adolescet bran and the maturation of social behviors. Lesson fron Syrian hamster mol. Cell Endocrinol 2006;254/ 55:120-6. Prematurità
20. Kutschera J, Tommaselli J, Maurer U. Minor neurological dysfuncton, cognitive development and somatic development at the age of 3 to 11 years in very low birth weight infants with transient periventricular echodensity. Acta Paediatr 2006;95:1577-81.
21. Eaton L. Ethics group rules on treating premature babies. BMJ 2006;333:1033.
22. Larroque B, Ancel PY, Marret S. Neurodevelopmental disabilities and special care of 5 years old children born before 33 weeks of gestation (the EPIPAGE study) a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2008;371:813-20.
23. Tan MJ, Cooke RW. Improving head growth in preterm infants - a randomised controlled trial I: neonatal outcomes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008;93:F337-41.
24. Frye RE, Hasan K, Malmberg B, et al. Superior longitudinal fasciculus and cognitive dysfunction in adolescents born preterm and at term. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52:760-6. Autismo
25. Brambilla P, Hardan A, di Nemi SU, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of autism. Funct Neurol 2004;19:9-17.
26. Zilbovicius M, Meresse I, Boddaert N. Autism: neuroimaging. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2006; 28 S 1 doi: 10.1590/S- 44462006000500004.
27. Zilbovicius M, Boddaert N, Belin P, et al. Temporal lobe dysfunction in childhood autism: a PET study. Positron Emission Tomography. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:1988-93.
28. Onhishi T, Matsuda H, Hashimoto T. Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow in childhood autism. Brain 2000;123:1838-44.
29. Pierce K, Muller RA, Ambrose J, Allen G, Courchesne E. Face processing occours otside the fusiform “face area” in autism. Evidence from functional MRI. Brain 2001;124:2059- 73.
30. Ogai M, Matsumoto H, Suzuki K. fMRI study of recognition of facial expression in high functioning autistic patients. Neuroreport 2003;14:559-63.
31. Saxe R, Kanwisher N. People thinking about thinking people. The role of the temporo- parietal junction in “theory of mind”. Neuroimage 2003;19:1835-42.
32. Ben Bashat D, Kronfeld-Duenias V, Zachor DA, et al. Accelerated maturation of white matter in young children with autism: a high value DWI study. Neuroimage 2007; 37: 40-7.
33. Hughes C, Russell J, Robbins TW. Evidence for executive dysfuncton in autism. Neuropsychologia 1994;32:477-92.
34. Muller RA, Pierce K, Ambrose JB, Allen G, Courchesne E. Atypical pattern of cerebral motor activation in autism: a functional magnetic resonance study. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:665-76.
35. Muller RA, Kleinhans N, Kemmotsu M, Courchesne E. Abnormal variability and distribution of functional maps in autism: an FMR study of visuomotor learning. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1847-62.
36. Corchesne E, Karns CM, Davis HR. Unusual brain growth pattern in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study. Neurology 2001;57:245-54.
37. Sparks BF, Friedman SD, Shaw DW. Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autistic spectrum disorder. Neurology 2002;59:184-92. Dislessia
38. Deahene S. Il cervello dislessico in: I neuroni della lettura. Milano: Raffello Cortina Editore, 2009:271-95.
39. Galaburda AM, Lo Turco J, Ramus P, Fitch RH, Rosen GD. From genes to behavior in the developmental dyslexia. Nature Neuroscience 2006;9:1213-7.
40. Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Pugh KR, et al. Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biological Psychiatry 2002;52:101-10.
41. Salmelin R, Service E, Kiesila P, Uutela K, Salonen O. Impaired visual word processing in dyslexia revealed with magnetoencephalography. Ann Neurol 1996;40:157-62.
42. Galaburda AM, Menard MT, Rosen GD. Evidence for aberrant auditory anatomy in developmental dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:8010-13.
43. Simos PG, Breier JL, Fletcher JM, Bergman E, Papanicolaou AC. Cerebral mechanism involved in word reading in dyslexic children. A magnetic source imaging approach. Cereb Cortex 2006;12:809-16. ADHD
44. Liston C, Watts R, Tottenham N, et al. Frontostriatal microstructure modulates efficient recruitment of cognitive control. Cereb Cortex 2006;16:553-60.
45. Marsh R, Zhu H, Schultz RT. A developmental fMRI study of self-regulatory control. Hum Brain Mapp 2006;27:848-63.
46. Silk TJ, Vance A, Rinehart N, Bradshaw JL, Cunnington R. White-matter abnormalities in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30:2757-65.
47. Cherkasova MV, Hechtman L. Neuroimaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the frontostriatal circuity. Can J Psychiatry 2009;54:651-64.
48. Dickstein SG, Bannon K, Costellnos FX, Milham MP. The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006;47:1051-62.
49. Quintero J, Navas M, Fernandez A, Ortiz T. Advances in attention deficit hyperactivity. What dose neuroimaging provide us with. Acta Esp Psiquiatr 2009;37:352-8.
50. Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H. Structural and functional neuoroanatomy of attention deficit hyperativity disorder (ADHD). Encephale 2009;35:107-14.
51. Shaw P, Rabin C. New insights into attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: structural neuroimaging. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2009; 11:393-8.
Corrispondenza: franco@panizon.it