Le patologie della tiroide nell’infanzia e nell’adolescenza

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Thyroid Le patologie della tiroide nell’infanzia e nell’adolescenza 165 MESSAGGI CHIAVE o In Italia, la prevalenza dell’ipotiroidismo congenito è di 1/2400, valore corrispondente a quello medio delle popolazioni occidentali. A questi vanno aggiunti i casi, molto più rari, da difetto specifico dell’ormonogenesi. Il trattamento è concettualmente semplice (L-tiroxina per tutta la vita). o La precocità del trattamento (15-30 giorni) e la partenza con dosi elevate di L-tiroxina (in media 37,5 microgrammi/ die) rappresentano i due punti essenziali per l’effetto sul SNC (16 punti di QI in più rispetto a quelli trattati più tardivamente). o La tiroidite autoimmune è la patologia tiroidea più frequente (1,2%), molto più comune nelle femmine, nella celiachia, nella sindrome di Turner. È una malattia autoanticorpale e la diagnosi di certezza è legata al dosaggio degli autoanticorpi. La sua evoluzione tipica è in ipotiroidismo. La diagnosi di probabilità è clinica (ingrossamento della ghiandola) e basata sul dosaggio degli ormoni tiroidei. o Anche la malattia di Graves è una tiroidite autoimmune, da autoanticorpi che legano e stimolano il recettore per TSH con un quadro clinico e di laboratorio di ipertiroidismo. o I noduli tiroidei, a tutte le età, possono essere tumorali (adenomi o carcinomi), oppure espressione di tiroidite, o effetto di una povertà di iodio. La diagnosi passa attraverso l’ecografia color-doppler e, su indicazione di questa, attraverso l’agopuntura e la biopsia. Medico e Bambino 3/2012 autoimmunity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter survey. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1346-50. 44. Laurberg P. Iodine intake - What are we aiming at? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:17-9. 45. Zois C, Stavrou I, Kalogera C, et al. High prevalence of auto-immune thyroiditis in schoolchildren after elimination of iodine deficiency in Northwestern Greece. Thyroid 2003;13:485-9. 46. 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