Problemi correnti
La carenza di ferro nel neonato pretermine
Iron deficiency in preterm infants
Veronica Guastalla1,2, Maria Chiara Pellegrin1,2, Francesca Rovere3, Riccardo Davanzo1
1Neonatologia e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale, IRCCS Materno-Infantile “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste
2Scuola di Specializzazione in Pediatria, IRCCS Materno-Infantile “Burlo Garofolo”, Università di Trieste
3Servizio di Farmacia e Farmacologia Clinica, IRCCS Materno-Infantile “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste
Maggio 2015 - pagg. 298 -305
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide. Preterm infants
are a special risk group, because of lower total body iron at birth, rapid catch-up growth
and uncompensated phlebotomy losses. Recent scientific literature suggests that iron supplementation
begins from the third week of age, earlier than previously recommended. In
order to avoid iron overload, pre-term infants who have received multiple transfusions
may maintain iron stores without iron sup-plementation up to 6 months of life.
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Contenuto riservato
Per leggere l'articolo completo è necessario effettuare il login.
Non sei ancora registrato? Registrati
Bibliografia
1. McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, et al. Worldwide
prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin
and Mineral Nutrition Information System,
1993-2005. Public Health Nutr 2009;12(4):
444-54.
2. Male C, Persson LA, Freeman V, et al. Euro-
Growth Iron Study Group. Prevalence of
iron deficiency in 12 month old infants from
11 European areas and influence of dietary
factors on iron status (Euro-Growth study).
Acta Paediatr 2001;90(5):492-8.
3. Domellöf M, Braegger C, Campoy C, et al.;
ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Iron requirements
of infants and toddlers. J Pediatr
Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58(1):119-29.
4. Baker RD, Greer FR; Committee on Nutrition
American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis
and prevention of iron deficiency and
iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young
children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics 2010;
126(5):1040-50.
5. Lozoff B, Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency
and brain development. Semin Pediatr Neurol
2006;13(3):158-65.
6. Rao R, Georgieff MK. Iron therapy for
preterm infants. Clin Perinatol 2009;36(1):27-
42.
7. Rao R, Georgieff MK. Iron in fetal and
neonatal nutrition. Semin Fetal Neonatal
Med 2007;12(1):54-63.
8. Lymperaki E, Tsikopoulos A, Makedou K,
et al. Impact of iron and folic acid supplementation
on oxidative stress during pregnancy.
J Obstet Gynaecol 2015 Feb 18:1-4
[Epub ahead of print].
9. Zein S, Rachidi S, Awada S, et al. High iron
level in early pregnancy increased glucose intolerance.
J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015;30:
220-5.
10. Lorenz L, Arand J, Büchner K, et al. Reticulocyte
haemoglobin content as a marker of
iron deficiency. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal
Ed 2015;100:F198-202.
11. World Health Organization. Iron deficiency
anaemia: assessment, prevention and
control. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/
en/ida_assessment_prevention_
control.pdf WHO/NHD/01.3. Ginevra 2001
12. Stoll BJ. Anemia in the newborn infant.
In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia:
Saunders Elsevier, 18th Edition, 2007:
766.
13. Berglund SK, Westrup B, Domellöf M.
Iron supplementation until 6 months protects
marginally low-birth-weight infants from iron
deficiency during their first year of life. J Pediatr
Gastroenterol Nutr 2015;60(3):390-5.
14. Uijterschout L, Domellöf M, Abbink M,
et al. Iron deficiency in the first 6 months of
age in infants born between 32 and 37 weeks
of gestational age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015;69:
598-602.
15. Raju TN. Timing of umbilical cord clamping
after birth for optimizing placental transfusion.
Curr Opin Pediatr 2013;25(2):180-7.
16. Dewey KG, Chaparro CM. Session 4:
Mineral metabolism and body composition
iron status of breast-fed infants. Proc Nutr
Soc 2007;66(3):412-22.
17. Griffin IJ, Abrams SA. Iron and breastfeeding.
Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48(2):
401-13.
18. Silvestre D, Martìnez-Costa C, Lagarda
MJ, et al. Copper, iron, and zinc contents in
human milk during the first three months of
lactation: a longitudinal study. Biol Trace Elem
Res 2001;80(1):1-11.
19. Fransson GB, Lönnerdal B. Iron in human
milk. J Pediatr 1980;96(3 Pt 1):380-4.
20. Breymann C, von Seefried B, Stahel M,
Geisser P, Canclini C. Milk iron content in
breast-feeding mothers after administration
of intravenous iron sucrose complex. J Perinat
Med 2007;35(2):115-8.
21. Shashiraj, Faridi MM, Singh O, Rusia U.
Mother’s iron status, breastmilk iron and
lactoferrin-are they related? Eur J Clin Nutr
2006;60(7):903-8.
22. França EL, Silva VA, Volpato RM, et al.
Maternal anemia induces changes in immunological
and nutritional components of
breast milk. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med
2013;26(12):1223-7.
23. Kumar A, Rai AK, Basu S, et al. Cord
blood and breast milk iron status in maternal
anemia. Pediatrics 2008;121(3):e673-7.
24. El-Farrash RA, Ismail EA, Nada AS. Cord
blood iron profile and breast milk micronutrients
in maternal iron deficiency anemia.
Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;58(2):233-8.
25. Griffin IJ, Cooke RJ, Reid MM, Mc-
Cormick KP, Smith JS. Iron nutritional status
in preterm infants fed formulas fortified with
iron. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999;
81(1):F45-9.
26. Nutrition Committee, Canadian Paediatric
Society. Nutrient needs and feeding of premature
infants. CMAJ 1995;152(11):1765-85.
27. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee
on Nutrition. Nutritional needs of the
preterm infant. In: Kleinman, RE (Ed). Pediatric
nutrition handbook. Vol. 5. Chapel Hill,
NC: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2004:
23-54.
28. Agostoni C, Buonocore G, Carnielli VP, et
al. Enteral nutrient supply for preterm infants:
Commentary from the European Society
for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology,
and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J
Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:85-91.
29. https://farmaci.agenziafarmaco.gov.it/bancadatifarmaci/
30. Bader D, Kugelman A, Maor-Rogin N, et
al. The role of high-dose oral iron supplementation
during erythropoietin therapy for
anemia of prematurity. J Perinatol 2001;21(4):
215-20.
31. Mills RJ, Davies MW. Enteral iron supplementation
in preterm and low birth
weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2012;3:CD005095.
32. Arnon S, Shiff Y, Litmanovitz I, et al. The
efficacy and safety of early supplementation
of iron polymaltose complex in preterm infants.
Am J Perinatol 2007;24(2):95-100.
33. Anabrees J. Early enteral prophylactic
iron supplementation may be preferred in
preterm very low birth weight infants. J Clin
Neonatol 2014;3(1):14-5.
34. Steinmacher J, Pohlandt F, Bode H, et al.
Randomized trial of early versus late enteral
iron supplementation in infants with a birth
weight of less than 1301 grams: neurocognitive
development at 5.3 years’ corrected age.
Pediatrics 2007;120(3):538-46.
Corrispondenza: riccardo.davanzo@gmail.com
