Vaccinare
Vaccinazione anti-varicella: solo delirio vaccinale?
SHOULD WE PROMOTE VARICELLA ZOSTER IMMUNIZATION?
GABRIELLA PALLA, ANTONIETTA VILLIRILLO E ALESSANDRO VENTURA
Istituto di Clinica Pediatrica dellUniversitΰ di Pisa
Giugno 1997 - pagg. 381 -385
Abstract
Chickenpox is a self-limited disease in the
large majority of cases. However, severe
complications may occasionally occur both
in immunocompetent (infections due to invasive
beta-hemolytic group A streptococcus)
and in immunocompromised children
(case fatality rate of VZV infections is 7% in
these patients). VZV infection can also expose
to severe morbidity specific subgroups
such as pregnant women, newborn babies
and the elderly. The efficacy of VZV vaccine
has been demonstrated in many trials
over the last two decades. Specific recommendations
have been made by US and
italian Health Authorities. Despite a favorable
cost-benefit analysis all ready performed
in USA, a more general evaluation of
the priority of VZV immunization as a public
health intervention is needed.
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
CIS Editore, Milano 1996.
2. Committee on lnfectious Diseases: Recommendation for the Use of Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine. Pediatrics 95, 791-796, 1995.
3. Zafer E, Munewer B, Guler K, Betul S, Shi- Geharu U: Oka strain live varicella vaccine in children with cancer. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 169-170, 1996.
4. Diaz PS, Au D, Smith S, Amylon M, Link M et al: Lack of transmission of the live attenuated Varicella Vaccine Virus to immunocompromised children after immunization of their siblings. Pediatrics 87, 166-170, 1991.
5. Plotkin SA: Vaccines for Varicella-Zoster Virus and Cytomegalovirus: Recent Progress. Science 265,1373-1385 1994.
6. Suga S, Yoshikawa T, Osaki T, Asano Y: Effect of oral acyclovir against primary and secondary viraemia in incubation period of varicella. Arch Dis Child 69, 639-643, 1993.
7. American Academy of Pediatrics: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Red book. Elk Grove Village, Illinois 1994.
8. Preblud SR: Varicella: Complications and Costs. Pediatrics 78 (suppl), 728-735, 1986.
9. Seidman DS, Stevenson DK, Arvin AM: Varicella vaccine in pregnancy. BMJ 313, 701-2, 1996.
10. Enders G, Miller E, Cradock-Watson J, Bolley I, Ridehalgh M: Consequences of varicella and herpes zoster in pregnancy: prospective study of 1739 cases. Lancet 343, 1547-1550, 1994.
11. Jones EM, Reeves DS: Controlling chickenpox in hospitals. BMJ 314, 4-5, 1997.
12. Oshiro AC, Begue RE, Steele R: Varicella disease and Trasmission in Pediatric House Officers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 461-462, 1996.
13. Grossman M: Varicella vaccine and health care workers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 395-6, 1996.
14. Peterson CL, Vugia DJ, Meyers HB, Chao SM,Vogt J et al: Risk factors for invasive group A streptococcal infections in children with varicella: a case-control study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 151-6, 1996.
15. Brogan TV, Nizet V, Waldhausen JT, Rubens CE, Clarke WR: Group A streptococcal necrotizing fascitis complicating primary varicella: a series of fourteen patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14, 588-94, 1995.
16. Vugia DJ, Peterson CL, Meyers HB, Kim KS, Arrieta A et al: Invasive group A streptococcal infections in children with varicella in Southern California. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 146-50 1996.
17. White CJ, Kuter BJ, Ngai A, Hildebrand CS, Isganitis K et al: Modified cases of chickenpox after varicella vaccination: correlation of protection with antibody response. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11, 19-23, 1992.
18. Withe CJ, Kuter BJ, Hildebrand CS, Isganitis KL, Matthews H et al: Varicella vaccine (Varivax) in healthy children and adolescents: results from clinical trials 1987 to
1989. Pediatrics 87, 604-610, 1991. l9. Clements DA, Armstrong CA, Ursano AM, Moggio MM, Walter EB et al: Over five-year follow-up of Oka/Merck varicella vaccine recipients in 465 infants and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14,874-9, 1995.
20. Asano Y, Suga S, Yoshikawa T, Kobayashi I, Yzaki T et al: Experience and reason: twenty-year follow-up of protective immunity of the Oka strain live varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 94, 524-26, 1994.
21. Watson BM, Piercy SA, Plotkin SA, Starr SE: Modified chickenpox in children immunized with the Oka/Merck varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 91, 17-22, 1993.
22. Bernstein HH, Rothstein EP, Watson BM, Reisinger KS, Blatter MM et al: Clinical survey of natural varicella compared with breakthrough varicella after immunization with live attenuated Oka/Merck varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 92, 833-837, 1993.
23. Controversy about chickenpox. Lancet 340, 639-640, 1992.
24. Peterson CM, Mascola L, Chao SM, Lieberman JM, Arcinue EJ et al: Children hospitalized for varicella: a prevaccine revue. J Pediatr 129, 529-36, 1996.
25. Burke GA, Chambers TL: Muscoloskeletal side-effects od varicella. Lancet 349, 1997.
26. Doctor A, Harper MG, Fleisher GR: Group A beta hemolytic streptococcal bacteriemia: historical overwiew, changing incidence and recent association with varicella. Pediatrics 96, 428-33, 1996.
27. Jackson MA, Burry VF, Olson LC: Complications of varicella requiring hospitalization in previously healthy children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11, 441-5, 992.
28. Bradley JS, Schlivert PM, Sample TG: Streptococcal toxic shock like syndrome as a complication of varicella. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10, 77-8, 1991.
29. Gershon AA: Varicella vaccine: its past, present and future. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14, 742-4, 1995.
30. Ross LF, Lantos J: Immunization against chickenpox. BMJ 310, 2-3 1995.
31. Huse DM, Meissner HC, Lacey MJ, Oster G: Childhood vaccination against chickenpox: an analysis of benefits and costs. J Pediatr 124, 869-74, 1994.
32. Balfour HH, Kelly JM, Suarez CS, Heusser RC, Englund JA et al: Acyclovir treatment of varicella in otherwise healthy children. J Pediatr 116, 633-9, 1990.
33. Huang YA, Lin TY, Chiu CH: Acyclovir profilaxis of varicella after household exposure. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14, 152-4, 1995.
34. Asano Y, Yoshikawa T, Suga S, Kobayashi I, Nakashima T et al: Postexposure prophylaxis of varicella in family concact by oral acyclovir. Pediatr 92, 219-222, 1993.
2. Committee on lnfectious Diseases: Recommendation for the Use of Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine. Pediatrics 95, 791-796, 1995.
3. Zafer E, Munewer B, Guler K, Betul S, Shi- Geharu U: Oka strain live varicella vaccine in children with cancer. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 169-170, 1996.
4. Diaz PS, Au D, Smith S, Amylon M, Link M et al: Lack of transmission of the live attenuated Varicella Vaccine Virus to immunocompromised children after immunization of their siblings. Pediatrics 87, 166-170, 1991.
5. Plotkin SA: Vaccines for Varicella-Zoster Virus and Cytomegalovirus: Recent Progress. Science 265,1373-1385 1994.
6. Suga S, Yoshikawa T, Osaki T, Asano Y: Effect of oral acyclovir against primary and secondary viraemia in incubation period of varicella. Arch Dis Child 69, 639-643, 1993.
7. American Academy of Pediatrics: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Red book. Elk Grove Village, Illinois 1994.
8. Preblud SR: Varicella: Complications and Costs. Pediatrics 78 (suppl), 728-735, 1986.
9. Seidman DS, Stevenson DK, Arvin AM: Varicella vaccine in pregnancy. BMJ 313, 701-2, 1996.
10. Enders G, Miller E, Cradock-Watson J, Bolley I, Ridehalgh M: Consequences of varicella and herpes zoster in pregnancy: prospective study of 1739 cases. Lancet 343, 1547-1550, 1994.
11. Jones EM, Reeves DS: Controlling chickenpox in hospitals. BMJ 314, 4-5, 1997.
12. Oshiro AC, Begue RE, Steele R: Varicella disease and Trasmission in Pediatric House Officers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 461-462, 1996.
13. Grossman M: Varicella vaccine and health care workers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 395-6, 1996.
14. Peterson CL, Vugia DJ, Meyers HB, Chao SM,Vogt J et al: Risk factors for invasive group A streptococcal infections in children with varicella: a case-control study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 151-6, 1996.
15. Brogan TV, Nizet V, Waldhausen JT, Rubens CE, Clarke WR: Group A streptococcal necrotizing fascitis complicating primary varicella: a series of fourteen patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14, 588-94, 1995.
16. Vugia DJ, Peterson CL, Meyers HB, Kim KS, Arrieta A et al: Invasive group A streptococcal infections in children with varicella in Southern California. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 146-50 1996.
17. White CJ, Kuter BJ, Ngai A, Hildebrand CS, Isganitis K et al: Modified cases of chickenpox after varicella vaccination: correlation of protection with antibody response. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11, 19-23, 1992.
18. Withe CJ, Kuter BJ, Hildebrand CS, Isganitis KL, Matthews H et al: Varicella vaccine (Varivax) in healthy children and adolescents: results from clinical trials 1987 to
1989. Pediatrics 87, 604-610, 1991. l9. Clements DA, Armstrong CA, Ursano AM, Moggio MM, Walter EB et al: Over five-year follow-up of Oka/Merck varicella vaccine recipients in 465 infants and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14,874-9, 1995.
20. Asano Y, Suga S, Yoshikawa T, Kobayashi I, Yzaki T et al: Experience and reason: twenty-year follow-up of protective immunity of the Oka strain live varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 94, 524-26, 1994.
21. Watson BM, Piercy SA, Plotkin SA, Starr SE: Modified chickenpox in children immunized with the Oka/Merck varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 91, 17-22, 1993.
22. Bernstein HH, Rothstein EP, Watson BM, Reisinger KS, Blatter MM et al: Clinical survey of natural varicella compared with breakthrough varicella after immunization with live attenuated Oka/Merck varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 92, 833-837, 1993.
23. Controversy about chickenpox. Lancet 340, 639-640, 1992.
24. Peterson CM, Mascola L, Chao SM, Lieberman JM, Arcinue EJ et al: Children hospitalized for varicella: a prevaccine revue. J Pediatr 129, 529-36, 1996.
25. Burke GA, Chambers TL: Muscoloskeletal side-effects od varicella. Lancet 349, 1997.
26. Doctor A, Harper MG, Fleisher GR: Group A beta hemolytic streptococcal bacteriemia: historical overwiew, changing incidence and recent association with varicella. Pediatrics 96, 428-33, 1996.
27. Jackson MA, Burry VF, Olson LC: Complications of varicella requiring hospitalization in previously healthy children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11, 441-5, 992.
28. Bradley JS, Schlivert PM, Sample TG: Streptococcal toxic shock like syndrome as a complication of varicella. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10, 77-8, 1991.
29. Gershon AA: Varicella vaccine: its past, present and future. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14, 742-4, 1995.
30. Ross LF, Lantos J: Immunization against chickenpox. BMJ 310, 2-3 1995.
31. Huse DM, Meissner HC, Lacey MJ, Oster G: Childhood vaccination against chickenpox: an analysis of benefits and costs. J Pediatr 124, 869-74, 1994.
32. Balfour HH, Kelly JM, Suarez CS, Heusser RC, Englund JA et al: Acyclovir treatment of varicella in otherwise healthy children. J Pediatr 116, 633-9, 1990.
33. Huang YA, Lin TY, Chiu CH: Acyclovir profilaxis of varicella after household exposure. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14, 152-4, 1995.
34. Asano Y, Yoshikawa T, Suga S, Kobayashi I, Nakashima T et al: Postexposure prophylaxis of varicella in family concact by oral acyclovir. Pediatr 92, 219-222, 1993.