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The risk deriving from various kind of esposure to radiation is reviewed with particular emphasis on exposure for diagnostic purposes. There is no exposure thershold that can be considered safe. The risk depends on the amount of radiation and on the specific radiosensibility of the esposed tissues. Interventions for reducing the risk by reducing the exposure to radiation include: more extensive use of alternative diagnostic technology (ultrasound) quality control on Xray equipment, digital techniques to minimize the use of radiation, protection measures for patients, avoidance of unnecessary X-ray. European directives for radiation protection of the patient have been recently developed and include a personal exposure card.