Pediatria e società
Esiste uno spazio per l’intervento preventivo nelle condizioni di rischio sociale? Le esperienze internazionali
ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL RISK PREVENTABLE? INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES
FRANCO PANIZON, ALFREDO MENDOZA
Clinica Pediatrica, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste
Settembre 1999 - pagg. 438 -441
Abstract
The Authors review and discuss the scientific evidence deriving from both descriptive and
intervention studies regarding the preventability of the consequences of social disadvantage.
The endpoints considered are development, intelligence, behaviour and ultimate social
outcome. Although studies are very heterogeneous and results are variable, there is sufficient
evidence to show that the future of children at social risk can be successfully inproved
by early, continuous, social and emotional support to children and to their mothers. Paediatricians
should be aware of these needs as well as of these opportunities.
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Eysenck HJ, Kamin L: Intelligence: the
battle for the mind Multimedia Publication
Inc Willemstadd (Curacao) 1981. Trad. italiana:
Intelligenti si nasce o si diventa? Laterza
1982.
2. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, et al.: Breast milk and subsequent intelligent quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 339, 261, 1992.
3. Parks YA, Wharton BA: Iron deficiency and the brain. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl 361, 71, 1989.
4. Pollitt E: Iron deficiency and education deficiency. Nutr Rev 55, 133, 1997.
5. Vullo C: La carenza di ferro, parte seconda. Medico e Bambino 17, 359, 1998.
6. Shentaler S: Brain and vitamins. Lancet 337, 728, 1991.
7. Benton D, Roberts G: Effect of vitamins and mineral supplementation on intelligence of a sample of schoolchildren. Lancet i, 23, 1988.
8. Olds DL, Henderson CR, Tatelbaum R: Intellectual impairment in children of women who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy. Pediatrics 93, 22, 1994.
9. Dews CD, Murphy CC, Yearguin-Allsopp M, et al: Relationship between mental retardation and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Pediatrics 97, 33, 1996.
10. Chauvin R, Muckensturm-Chauvin B: Le monde animal et ses comportements complexes. Librairie Plon, Paris, 1997. Trad italiana: Il comportamento degli animali, Laterza 1978.
11. Lorenz K: Das Wirkungsgefuege der Natur und das Schicksal des Menschen. Piper &Co Verlag, Munchen 1978. Trad italiana: Natura e destino, Mondadori, Milano, 1985.
12. Goodall J: Trough a window; thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe, G Weidenfeld & Nicholson Ltd, London, 1990. Trad it: Il popolo delle scimmie, Rizzoli 1991.
13. Conseur A, Rivara FP, Bornoski R, Ememel I: Maternal risk factors for later delinquency. Pediatrics 99, 785, 1997.
14. Larsson JO, Aurelius G, Nordberg I, et al: Home visiting the newborn baby as a basis for developmental surveillance at child welfare centers. Acta Paediatr 85, 1450, 1996.
15. Lansky MR: Family genesis of aggression. Psychiat Ann 23, 494, 1993.
16. Hall D, Linch MA: Violence begins aat home. BMJ 316, 1551, 1998.
17. Song L, Singer MI, Anglin TM: Violence exposure and emotional trauma as contributor to adolescen’s violente behaviors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med J 152, 5531, 1997.
18. Facchin P: Epidemiologia della violenza. Medico e Bambino 16, 303, 1997.
18. Hartrup T: Divorce and mental strife and their effect on children. Arch Dis Child 75, 1, 1996.
19. Lewranson F: Runaway children: whose problem? BMJ 314, 1064, 1997.
20. Weizman M, Gortmeker S, Solol A: Maternal smoking and behavior problems of children. Pediatrics 90, 342, 1992.
21. Newacheck PW, Hughes DC, Stoddard JJ: Children access to primary care: differences by race, income, and insurance status. Pediatrics 97, 26, 1996.
22. Smith GD, Hart C, Blane D, Hole D: Adverse socioeconomic conditions in chilhood and cause of specific adult mortality: perspective observational study. BMJ 316, 1346, 1998.
23. Huber R, Garber H: The Milwakee study: a study of the use of family intervention to prevent cultural-familial mental retardation. In: Exceptional Infant, vol 3, pp 399-433, B. Friedlander, G Sterrritt, G Kirk (eds). Brnner/ Mazel, NY, 1975
24. Garber HI: The Milwakee Project: Preventing mental retardation in children at risk. Washington, DC, American Association of Mental Retardation, 1988.
25. Martin S., Ramey C, Ramey S: The prevention of intellectal impairment in children of impoverished families. Am J Publ Health 80, 844, 1994.
26. Tymchuck AJ: Parents with mental retardation. J Disability Policy Studies 1, 43, 1990.
27. Tymchuck AJ, Andon L, Rahbar B: Effective decision-making training with mothers who have mental retardation. Amer J Mental Deficiency 92, 510, 1988.
28. Bowling M, Kelttner BR: Primary health care for children of mothers with intellectual limitations. Pediatric Nursing 22, 312, 1996.
29. Angela P: Da zero a tre anni. Garzanti, 1985.
30. Angela P: La macchina per pensare. Garzanti, 1985.
31. Manrique B: Un cambio a partir dal niño. Ediciones del Rectorado, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1985.
32. Olds DL, Kitzman H: Can home visitation improve the health of women and children at environmental risk? Pediatrics 86, 108, 1990.
33. Powell C, Grantham-McGregor S: Home visiting of varying frequency and child development. Pediatrics 84, 157, 1989.
34. Olds DL, Henderson jr CR, Tatelbaum R: Chamberlin R: Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy; a randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics 77, 16, 1986. 35.) Olds DL, Henderson CR, Tatelbaum R, Chamberlin R: Preventing child abuse and neglect: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics 78, 65, 1986.
36. Olds DL, Henderson CR, Tatelbaum R: Improving the life course development of socially disavantaged mothers. A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Am J Publ Health 78, 1436, 1985.
37. Barnard KE, Magyary D, Sumner G, et al: Prevention of parenting alterations for women with low social support. Psychiatry 51, 248, 1985.
38. Olds DL, Henderson CR, Tatelbaum R: Pevention of intellectual impairment in children of women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy. Pediatrics 93, 228, 1994.
39. Spivak H, Harvey B: The role of pediatrician in violence prevention. Pediatrics 4, suppl. 1994.
40. Wissow LS: Toward effective discussion of discipline and corporal punishment during primary care visits: Findings from studies of doctor-patient interaction. Pediatrics 4, suppl, 587, 1994.
41. Shepherd JP, Farrington D: Preventing crime and violence. BMJ 310, 271, 1995.
42. Charren P, Gelber A, Arnold M: Media, children and violence. A public policy perspective. Pediatrics 4, suppl, 631, 1994.
43. Webster DW, Wilson MEH: Gun violence among youth and the Pediatrician’s role in primary prevention. Pediatrics 4, suppl, 617, 1994.
44. Dawkins J: Bullying in schools: doctor’s responsability. BMJ 310, 274, 1995.
45. Tamburlini G: Ricominciare dai bambini. Medico e Bambino 17, 644, 1998.
2. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, et al.: Breast milk and subsequent intelligent quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 339, 261, 1992.
3. Parks YA, Wharton BA: Iron deficiency and the brain. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl 361, 71, 1989.
4. Pollitt E: Iron deficiency and education deficiency. Nutr Rev 55, 133, 1997.
5. Vullo C: La carenza di ferro, parte seconda. Medico e Bambino 17, 359, 1998.
6. Shentaler S: Brain and vitamins. Lancet 337, 728, 1991.
7. Benton D, Roberts G: Effect of vitamins and mineral supplementation on intelligence of a sample of schoolchildren. Lancet i, 23, 1988.
8. Olds DL, Henderson CR, Tatelbaum R: Intellectual impairment in children of women who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy. Pediatrics 93, 22, 1994.
9. Dews CD, Murphy CC, Yearguin-Allsopp M, et al: Relationship between mental retardation and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Pediatrics 97, 33, 1996.
10. Chauvin R, Muckensturm-Chauvin B: Le monde animal et ses comportements complexes. Librairie Plon, Paris, 1997. Trad italiana: Il comportamento degli animali, Laterza 1978.
11. Lorenz K: Das Wirkungsgefuege der Natur und das Schicksal des Menschen. Piper &Co Verlag, Munchen 1978. Trad italiana: Natura e destino, Mondadori, Milano, 1985.
12. Goodall J: Trough a window; thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe, G Weidenfeld & Nicholson Ltd, London, 1990. Trad it: Il popolo delle scimmie, Rizzoli 1991.
13. Conseur A, Rivara FP, Bornoski R, Ememel I: Maternal risk factors for later delinquency. Pediatrics 99, 785, 1997.
14. Larsson JO, Aurelius G, Nordberg I, et al: Home visiting the newborn baby as a basis for developmental surveillance at child welfare centers. Acta Paediatr 85, 1450, 1996.
15. Lansky MR: Family genesis of aggression. Psychiat Ann 23, 494, 1993.
16. Hall D, Linch MA: Violence begins aat home. BMJ 316, 1551, 1998.
17. Song L, Singer MI, Anglin TM: Violence exposure and emotional trauma as contributor to adolescen’s violente behaviors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med J 152, 5531, 1997.
18. Facchin P: Epidemiologia della violenza. Medico e Bambino 16, 303, 1997.
18. Hartrup T: Divorce and mental strife and their effect on children. Arch Dis Child 75, 1, 1996.
19. Lewranson F: Runaway children: whose problem? BMJ 314, 1064, 1997.
20. Weizman M, Gortmeker S, Solol A: Maternal smoking and behavior problems of children. Pediatrics 90, 342, 1992.
21. Newacheck PW, Hughes DC, Stoddard JJ: Children access to primary care: differences by race, income, and insurance status. Pediatrics 97, 26, 1996.
22. Smith GD, Hart C, Blane D, Hole D: Adverse socioeconomic conditions in chilhood and cause of specific adult mortality: perspective observational study. BMJ 316, 1346, 1998.
23. Huber R, Garber H: The Milwakee study: a study of the use of family intervention to prevent cultural-familial mental retardation. In: Exceptional Infant, vol 3, pp 399-433, B. Friedlander, G Sterrritt, G Kirk (eds). Brnner/ Mazel, NY, 1975
24. Garber HI: The Milwakee Project: Preventing mental retardation in children at risk. Washington, DC, American Association of Mental Retardation, 1988.
25. Martin S., Ramey C, Ramey S: The prevention of intellectal impairment in children of impoverished families. Am J Publ Health 80, 844, 1994.
26. Tymchuck AJ: Parents with mental retardation. J Disability Policy Studies 1, 43, 1990.
27. Tymchuck AJ, Andon L, Rahbar B: Effective decision-making training with mothers who have mental retardation. Amer J Mental Deficiency 92, 510, 1988.
28. Bowling M, Kelttner BR: Primary health care for children of mothers with intellectual limitations. Pediatric Nursing 22, 312, 1996.
29. Angela P: Da zero a tre anni. Garzanti, 1985.
30. Angela P: La macchina per pensare. Garzanti, 1985.
31. Manrique B: Un cambio a partir dal niño. Ediciones del Rectorado, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1985.
32. Olds DL, Kitzman H: Can home visitation improve the health of women and children at environmental risk? Pediatrics 86, 108, 1990.
33. Powell C, Grantham-McGregor S: Home visiting of varying frequency and child development. Pediatrics 84, 157, 1989.
34. Olds DL, Henderson jr CR, Tatelbaum R: Chamberlin R: Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy; a randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics 77, 16, 1986. 35.) Olds DL, Henderson CR, Tatelbaum R, Chamberlin R: Preventing child abuse and neglect: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics 78, 65, 1986.
36. Olds DL, Henderson CR, Tatelbaum R: Improving the life course development of socially disavantaged mothers. A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Am J Publ Health 78, 1436, 1985.
37. Barnard KE, Magyary D, Sumner G, et al: Prevention of parenting alterations for women with low social support. Psychiatry 51, 248, 1985.
38. Olds DL, Henderson CR, Tatelbaum R: Pevention of intellectual impairment in children of women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy. Pediatrics 93, 228, 1994.
39. Spivak H, Harvey B: The role of pediatrician in violence prevention. Pediatrics 4, suppl. 1994.
40. Wissow LS: Toward effective discussion of discipline and corporal punishment during primary care visits: Findings from studies of doctor-patient interaction. Pediatrics 4, suppl, 587, 1994.
41. Shepherd JP, Farrington D: Preventing crime and violence. BMJ 310, 271, 1995.
42. Charren P, Gelber A, Arnold M: Media, children and violence. A public policy perspective. Pediatrics 4, suppl, 631, 1994.
43. Webster DW, Wilson MEH: Gun violence among youth and the Pediatrician’s role in primary prevention. Pediatrics 4, suppl, 617, 1994.
44. Dawkins J: Bullying in schools: doctor’s responsability. BMJ 310, 274, 1995.
45. Tamburlini G: Ricominciare dai bambini. Medico e Bambino 17, 644, 1998.