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PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
STEFANO CIANFARANI
Centro di Endocrinologia Pediatrica “Rina Balducci”, Università “Tor Vergata”, Roma
Settembre 2004 - pagg. 485 -491
Abstract
Precocious puberty is a condition that has both physical and psychological effects on affected
children and their families. Therefore, an accurate work up is necessary to understand the
dynamic course of the disease in terms of rate of pubertal progression, statural growth, bone
age progression, development of reproductive functions and psychosocial adjustment
and wellbeing. The salient clinical, laboratory and radiological features of the possible causes
of precocious puberty are reviewed and the current therapeutic options are discussed.
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Grumbach MM, Styne DM. Puberty: ontogeny,
neuroendocrinology, psychology and disorders
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of Endocrinology. A cura di JD. Wilson,
DW. Foster, HM. Kronenberg, P. Reed Larsen.
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2. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child 1969;44:291-303.
3. Largo RH, Prader A. Pubertal Development in Swiss girls. Helv Pediatr Acta 1983;38:229- 43.
4. Kaplowitz PB, Oberfield SE. Reexamination of the age limit for defining when puberty is precocious in girls in the United States: implications for evaluation and treatment. Drug and Therapeutics and Executive Committees of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Pediatrics 1999;104:936-41.
5. Partsch C-J, Heger S, Sippell WG. Management and outcome of central precocious puberty. Clin Endocrinol 2002;56:129-48.
6. Roger M, Lahlou N, Lindner D, Chaussain JL. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone testing in Pediatrics (pag 229-247). In: Functional endocrinologic diagnostics in children and adolescents. A cura di M.B. Ranke. Mannheim, Ed. J & J Verlag, 1992.
7. Pasquino AM, Segni M. Patologia ginecologica (pag 305-355). In: Dal sintomo alla diagnosi in endocrinologia pediatrica. A cura di B. Boscherini, GL. Spadoni, S. Stoduto. Roma: Ed. Carocci, 2003.
8. Ivarsson SA, Nilsson KO, Persson PH. Ultrasonography of the pelvic organs in prepubertal and postpubertal girls. Arch Dis Child 1983;58:352-4.
9. Stanhope R, Adams J, Jacobs HS, Brook CG. Ovarian ultrasound assessment in normal children, idiopathic precocious puberty, and during low dose pulsatile gonadotrophin releasing hormone treatment of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Arch Dis Child 1985; 60:116-19.
10. Stanhope R, Abulwahid NA, Adams J, Brook CG. Studies of gonadotrophin pulsatility and pelvic ultrasound examination distinguish between isolated premature thelarche and central precocious puberty. Eur J Pediatr 1986;145:190-4.
11. Salardi S, Orsini LF, Cacciari E, et al. Pelvic ultrasonography in girls with precocious puberty, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, obesity or hirsutism. J Pediatr 1988;112:880-7.
12. Griffin IJ, Cole TJ, Duncan KA, et al. Pelvic ultrasound findings in different forms of sexual precocity. Acta Paediat 1995;84:536-43.
13. Buzi F, Pilotta A, Dordoni D, et al. Pelvic ultrasonography in normal girls and in girls with pubertal precocity. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87:1138-45.
14. Haber HP, Wollmann HA, Ranke MB. Pelvic ultrasonography: early differentiation between isolated premature thelarche and central precocious puberty. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:182-6.
15. Cacciari E, Frejaville E, Cicognani A, et al. How many cases of true precocious puberty in girls are idiopathic? J Pediatr 1983;102:357-60.
16. Robben SGF, Ooostdijk W, Drop SLS, et al. Idiopathic isosexual central precocious puberty: magnetic resonance findings in 30 patients. Br J Radiol 1995;68:34-8.
17. Cisternino M, Arrigo T, Pasquino AM, et al. Etiology and age incidence of precocious puberty in girls: a multicentric study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13(Suppl 1):695- 701.
18. Chemaitilly W, Trivin C, Adan L, et al. Central precocious puberty: clinical and laboratory features. Clin Endocrinol 2001;54:289-94.
19. Cacciari E, Zucchini S, Ambrosetto P, et al. Empty sella in children and adolescents with possible hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:767-71.
20. Judge DM, Kulin HE, Santen R, et al. Hypothalamic hamartoma: a source of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in precocious puberty. N Engl J Med 1977;296:7-10.
21. Hochman HI, Judge DM, Reichlin S. Precocious puberty and hypothalamic hamartoma. Pediatrics 1981;67:236-44.
22. Mahachoklertwattana P, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secreting hypothalamic hamartoma is a congenital malformation: natural history. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:118-24.
23. Minns RAM, Stirling HT, Wu FCM. Hypothalamic hamartoma with skeletal malformations, gelastic epilepsy, and precocious puberty. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:173-82.
24. Sigurjonsdottir TJ, Hayles AB. Precocious puberty: a report of 96 cases. Am J Dis Child 1968;115:309-21.
25. Bridges NA, Christopher JA, Hindmarsh PC, et al. Sexual precocity: sex incidence and aetiology. Arch Dis Child 1994;70:116-8.
26. Chalumeau M, Chemaitilly W, Trivin C, et al. Central precocious puberty in girls: an evidence- based diagnosis tree to predict central nervous system abnormalities. Pediatrics 2002;109:61-7.
27. Rosenfield RL. Selection of children with precocious puberty for treatment with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs. J Pediatr 1994;124:989-91.
28. Oerter-Klein K. Precocious puberty: Who has it? Who should be treated? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:411-4.
29. Leger J, Reynaud R, Czernichow P. Do all girls with apparent idiopathic precocious puberty require gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment? J Pediatr 2000;137:819- 25.
30. Oerter Klein K, Barnes KM, Jones JV, et al. Increased final height in precocious puberty after long-term treatment with LHRH agonists: the National Institutes of Health experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4711- 6.
31. Kletter GB, Kelch RP. Clinical review 60: effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy on adult stature in precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:331- 4.
32. Cassio A, Cacciari E, Balsamo A, et al. Randomized trial of LHRH analogue treatment on final height in girls with onset of puberty aged 7.5-8.5 years. Arch Dis Child 1999;81:329-32.
33. Carel J-C, Chaussain J-L. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment for central precocious puberty. Horm Res 1999;51(Suppl 3):64-9.
34. Arrigo T, Cisternino M, Galluzzi F, et al. When to stop GnRH analog therapy: the experience of the Italian Study Group for Physiopathology of Puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13:759-64.
35. Conn PM, Crowley WF. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogues. N Engl J Med 1991;324:93-103.
36. Carel J-C, Roger M, Ispas S, et al. Final height after long-term treatment with triptorelin slow release for central precocious puberty: importance of statural growth after interruption of treatment. J Clin Endcorinol Metab 1999;84:1973-8.
37. Parker KL, Lee PA. Depot leuprolide acetate for treatment of precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:689-91.
38. van der Sluis I, Boot AM, Krenning EP, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of bone density and body composition in children with precocious or early puberty before, during and after cessation of GnRH agonist therapy. J Clin Endorinol Metab 2002;87:506-12.
2. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child 1969;44:291-303.
3. Largo RH, Prader A. Pubertal Development in Swiss girls. Helv Pediatr Acta 1983;38:229- 43.
4. Kaplowitz PB, Oberfield SE. Reexamination of the age limit for defining when puberty is precocious in girls in the United States: implications for evaluation and treatment. Drug and Therapeutics and Executive Committees of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Pediatrics 1999;104:936-41.
5. Partsch C-J, Heger S, Sippell WG. Management and outcome of central precocious puberty. Clin Endocrinol 2002;56:129-48.
6. Roger M, Lahlou N, Lindner D, Chaussain JL. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone testing in Pediatrics (pag 229-247). In: Functional endocrinologic diagnostics in children and adolescents. A cura di M.B. Ranke. Mannheim, Ed. J & J Verlag, 1992.
7. Pasquino AM, Segni M. Patologia ginecologica (pag 305-355). In: Dal sintomo alla diagnosi in endocrinologia pediatrica. A cura di B. Boscherini, GL. Spadoni, S. Stoduto. Roma: Ed. Carocci, 2003.
8. Ivarsson SA, Nilsson KO, Persson PH. Ultrasonography of the pelvic organs in prepubertal and postpubertal girls. Arch Dis Child 1983;58:352-4.
9. Stanhope R, Adams J, Jacobs HS, Brook CG. Ovarian ultrasound assessment in normal children, idiopathic precocious puberty, and during low dose pulsatile gonadotrophin releasing hormone treatment of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Arch Dis Child 1985; 60:116-19.
10. Stanhope R, Abulwahid NA, Adams J, Brook CG. Studies of gonadotrophin pulsatility and pelvic ultrasound examination distinguish between isolated premature thelarche and central precocious puberty. Eur J Pediatr 1986;145:190-4.
11. Salardi S, Orsini LF, Cacciari E, et al. Pelvic ultrasonography in girls with precocious puberty, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, obesity or hirsutism. J Pediatr 1988;112:880-7.
12. Griffin IJ, Cole TJ, Duncan KA, et al. Pelvic ultrasound findings in different forms of sexual precocity. Acta Paediat 1995;84:536-43.
13. Buzi F, Pilotta A, Dordoni D, et al. Pelvic ultrasonography in normal girls and in girls with pubertal precocity. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87:1138-45.
14. Haber HP, Wollmann HA, Ranke MB. Pelvic ultrasonography: early differentiation between isolated premature thelarche and central precocious puberty. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:182-6.
15. Cacciari E, Frejaville E, Cicognani A, et al. How many cases of true precocious puberty in girls are idiopathic? J Pediatr 1983;102:357-60.
16. Robben SGF, Ooostdijk W, Drop SLS, et al. Idiopathic isosexual central precocious puberty: magnetic resonance findings in 30 patients. Br J Radiol 1995;68:34-8.
17. Cisternino M, Arrigo T, Pasquino AM, et al. Etiology and age incidence of precocious puberty in girls: a multicentric study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13(Suppl 1):695- 701.
18. Chemaitilly W, Trivin C, Adan L, et al. Central precocious puberty: clinical and laboratory features. Clin Endocrinol 2001;54:289-94.
19. Cacciari E, Zucchini S, Ambrosetto P, et al. Empty sella in children and adolescents with possible hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:767-71.
20. Judge DM, Kulin HE, Santen R, et al. Hypothalamic hamartoma: a source of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in precocious puberty. N Engl J Med 1977;296:7-10.
21. Hochman HI, Judge DM, Reichlin S. Precocious puberty and hypothalamic hamartoma. Pediatrics 1981;67:236-44.
22. Mahachoklertwattana P, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secreting hypothalamic hamartoma is a congenital malformation: natural history. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:118-24.
23. Minns RAM, Stirling HT, Wu FCM. Hypothalamic hamartoma with skeletal malformations, gelastic epilepsy, and precocious puberty. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:173-82.
24. Sigurjonsdottir TJ, Hayles AB. Precocious puberty: a report of 96 cases. Am J Dis Child 1968;115:309-21.
25. Bridges NA, Christopher JA, Hindmarsh PC, et al. Sexual precocity: sex incidence and aetiology. Arch Dis Child 1994;70:116-8.
26. Chalumeau M, Chemaitilly W, Trivin C, et al. Central precocious puberty in girls: an evidence- based diagnosis tree to predict central nervous system abnormalities. Pediatrics 2002;109:61-7.
27. Rosenfield RL. Selection of children with precocious puberty for treatment with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs. J Pediatr 1994;124:989-91.
28. Oerter-Klein K. Precocious puberty: Who has it? Who should be treated? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:411-4.
29. Leger J, Reynaud R, Czernichow P. Do all girls with apparent idiopathic precocious puberty require gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment? J Pediatr 2000;137:819- 25.
30. Oerter Klein K, Barnes KM, Jones JV, et al. Increased final height in precocious puberty after long-term treatment with LHRH agonists: the National Institutes of Health experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4711- 6.
31. Kletter GB, Kelch RP. Clinical review 60: effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy on adult stature in precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:331- 4.
32. Cassio A, Cacciari E, Balsamo A, et al. Randomized trial of LHRH analogue treatment on final height in girls with onset of puberty aged 7.5-8.5 years. Arch Dis Child 1999;81:329-32.
33. Carel J-C, Chaussain J-L. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment for central precocious puberty. Horm Res 1999;51(Suppl 3):64-9.
34. Arrigo T, Cisternino M, Galluzzi F, et al. When to stop GnRH analog therapy: the experience of the Italian Study Group for Physiopathology of Puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13:759-64.
35. Conn PM, Crowley WF. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogues. N Engl J Med 1991;324:93-103.
36. Carel J-C, Roger M, Ispas S, et al. Final height after long-term treatment with triptorelin slow release for central precocious puberty: importance of statural growth after interruption of treatment. J Clin Endcorinol Metab 1999;84:1973-8.
37. Parker KL, Lee PA. Depot leuprolide acetate for treatment of precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:689-91.
38. van der Sluis I, Boot AM, Krenning EP, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of bone density and body composition in children with precocious or early puberty before, during and after cessation of GnRH agonist therapy. J Clin Endorinol Metab 2002;87:506-12.