Problemi non correnti
Bambini a rischio di infezione verticale da HIV
MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV-1 INFECTION. 2006 UPDATE
RICCARDO DAVANZO1, JENNY BUA2, MARCO RABUSIN2
1Neonatologia e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale,
2Emato-oncologia, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste
Gennaio 2006 - pagg. 32 -37
Abstract
In the last decade more children have been born from HIV-1 positive mothers because of a decreased risk of transmission due to a series of effective preventive measures, such as perinatal antiretroviral treatment, elective cesarean section, no breastfeeding. HIV DNA PCR is the most useful laboratory test in order to clarify the infective status of the child. Three consecutive negative tests at birth, at 4-7 weeks and 8-16 weeks of age allow to reasonably exclude infection in the child. Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumoniae and guidelines for immunisation are also discussed.
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
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12. Shey Wiysonge CU, Brocklehurst P, Sterne JAC. Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003648. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD0036 48.
13. Landesman SH, Kalish LA, Burns DN, et al. Obstetrical factors and the transmission of HIV- 1 from mother to child. The Women and Infants Transmission Study. N Engl J Med 1996; 334 (25):1617-23.
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15. Committee on Infectious Diseases. HIV infection. Red Book, American Academy of Pediatrics 2003:360-82.
16. King SM and Committee on Pediatric AIDS American Academy of Pediatrics & Canadian Pediatric Society. Evaluation and treatment of the HIV-1-exposed infant. Pediatrics 2004;114: 497-505.
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25. Tuomala RE, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the risk of an adverse outcome. N Engl J Med 2002;346(24):1863-70.
26. Sharland M, Blanche S, Castelli G, Ramos J, Gibb DM. PENTA guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy 2004. HIV Medicine 2004; 61-86.
27. Alimenti A, Burdge DR, Ogilvie GS, Money DM, Forbes JC. Lactic acidemia in human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected infants exposed to perinatal antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22(9):782-9.
28. Giaquinto C, De Romeo A, Giacomet V, et al. Lactic acid levels in children perinatally treated with antiretroviral agents to prevent HIV transmission. AIDS 2001;15(8):1074-5.
29. Poirier Mc, Divi RL, Al-Harthi L, et al. Longterm mitochondrial toxicity in HIV-uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33(2):175-83.
30. Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P, et al. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 1999;354(9184):1084-9.
2. Buskin SE, Diamond C, Hopkins SG. HIV-infected pregnant women and progression of HIV disease. Arch Intern Med 1998;158(11): 1277-8.
3. Weisser M, Rudin C, Battegay M, Pfluger D, Kully C, Egger M. Does pregnancy influence the course of HIV infection? Evidence from two large Swiss cohort studies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;17(5):404-10.
4. Saada M, Le Chenadec J, Berrebi A, et al. Pregnancy and progression to AIDS: results of the French prospective cohorts. SEROGEST and SEROCO Study Groups. AIDS 2000;14(15): 2355-60.
5. European Collaborative Study. Mother-to- Child transmission of HIV Infection in the era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:458-65.
6. Brocklehurst P. Interventions for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000102. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000 102.
7. Miotti PG, Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, et al. HIV transmission through breastfeeding. A Study from Malawi. JAMA 1999;282(8):744-79.
8. Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al. Women and Infants’ Transmission Study Group. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 29(5):484-94.
9. Ioannidis JP, Abrams EJ, Ammann A, et al. Perinatal transmission of HIV-1 by pregnant women with RNA virus load <1000 copies/ml. J Infect Dis 2001;183:539-45.
10. Registro Italiano dell’HIV pediatrico. Atti della riunione annuale. Torino 2004.
11. European Collaborative Study. Risk factor for mother to child trasmission of HIV. Lancet 1992; 339:1007-12.
12. Shey Wiysonge CU, Brocklehurst P, Sterne JAC. Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003648. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD0036 48.
13. Landesman SH, Kalish LA, Burns DN, et al. Obstetrical factors and the transmission of HIV- 1 from mother to child. The Women and Infants Transmission Study. N Engl J Med 1996; 334 (25):1617-23.
14. The International Perinatal HIV Group. The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1. A meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies. N Engl J Med 1999; 340 (13):977-87.
15. Committee on Infectious Diseases. HIV infection. Red Book, American Academy of Pediatrics 2003:360-82.
16. King SM and Committee on Pediatric AIDS American Academy of Pediatrics & Canadian Pediatric Society. Evaluation and treatment of the HIV-1-exposed infant. Pediatrics 2004;114: 497-505.
17. Perinatal HIV: special considerations. International AIDS Society-USA, Topics in HIV Medicine 2003;200-213.
18. Rabkin M, et al. The Columbia Clinical Manual. The International Center for AIDS Programs, Columbia University 2004, NY.
19. Public Health Services Task Force. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmissions in the US. Perinatal HIV-1 Guidelines Working Group 2004, USA.
20. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1173-80.
21. Coovadia H. Antiretroviral agents. How to best protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS. N Engl J Med 2004;351 (3):289-92.
22. Thorne C, Patel D, Newell ML. Increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in HIV-infected women treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in Europe. AIDS 2004;18 (17);2337-9.
23. Dorembaum A, Cunningham CK, Gelber R, et al. Two-dose intrapartum/infant nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce perinatal HIV transmission: a randomized trial. JAMA 2002;228:189-98.
24. Cunningham CK, Chaix ML, Rekacewicz C, et al. Development of resistance mutations in women receiving standard antiretroviral therapy who received intrapartum nevirapine to prevent perinatal HIV-1 transmission: a substudy of pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol 316. J Infect Dis 2002;186:181-8.
25. Tuomala RE, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the risk of an adverse outcome. N Engl J Med 2002;346(24):1863-70.
26. Sharland M, Blanche S, Castelli G, Ramos J, Gibb DM. PENTA guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy 2004. HIV Medicine 2004; 61-86.
27. Alimenti A, Burdge DR, Ogilvie GS, Money DM, Forbes JC. Lactic acidemia in human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected infants exposed to perinatal antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22(9):782-9.
28. Giaquinto C, De Romeo A, Giacomet V, et al. Lactic acid levels in children perinatally treated with antiretroviral agents to prevent HIV transmission. AIDS 2001;15(8):1074-5.
29. Poirier Mc, Divi RL, Al-Harthi L, et al. Longterm mitochondrial toxicity in HIV-uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33(2):175-83.
30. Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P, et al. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 1999;354(9184):1084-9.
Corrispondenza: davanzor@burlo.trieste.it