Problemi correnti
Il possibile ruolo del pediatra nella guida all’educazione del bambino
THE ROLE OF PAEDIATRICIANS IN GIVING GUIDANCE ON CHILDREN EDUCATION: ARE THERE ANY EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONS?
FRANCO PANIZON
Professore Emerito, Dipartimento di Scienze della Riproduzione e dello Sviluppo, Universitŕ di Trieste
Ottobre 2006 - pagg. 509 -516
Abstract
To guide parents in children education is one of paediatricians’ responsibility but there are no clear criteria on how to do it. Education models vary from country to country, from family to family and the objectives of education may vary a lot as well. Genetic and social factors certainly play a big role in children psycho-social and behavioural development. Education interventions are not independent of those factors nor they are of the health professional who conveys the educative message. Conscious of these limitations, the Author reviews what are the evidence-based short- and medium-term interventions which may guide parents in educating children especially focusing on the following aspects: cognitive development, social skills development, obesity prevention, discipline development, avoidance of high risk behaviours and road accidents.
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
Aspetti generali
1. Bolsover N. The evidence is weaker than claymed. BMJ 2002;324:294.
2. Szatmari P. The art of evidence-based child psychiatry. Evid Based Mental Health 2003; 6:99-100.
3. Young KT, Davis K, Schoen C, Parker S. Listening to parents. A national survey of parents with young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:255-62.
4. Drotar D. The diagnostic and statistical manual for primary care (DSM-PC), child and adolescent version: wath pediatric psychologist need to know. J Pediatr Psychol 1999;24:369-80.
5. Lavigne JV, Binns HJ, Christoffel KK, et al. Behavioural and emotional problems among preschool children in pediatric primary care: prevalence and pediatricians recognition. Pediatrics 1993;91:649-55.
6. Ferris TG, Saglam D, Stafford RS, et al. Changes in the daily practice of primary care for children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152:227-33.
7. Brown RT. Society of Pediatric Psychology presidential adress: toward a social echology of pediatric psychology. J Pediatr Psychol 2002;27:191-201.
8. Editorial. Giving guidance on child discipline. BMJ 2000;320:261-2.
9. Larzelere RE. Child discipline. Weak evidence for a smacking ban. BMJ 2000;320: 1538-9. Sviluppo cognitivo
10. Kitzman H, Olds DL, Henderson CR jr, et al. Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outocomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997;278:644-52.
11. Olds D, Henderson CR, Kitzman H, Cole R. Effects of prenatal and infancy nurse visitation on surveillance of children maltreatment. Pediatrics 1995;95: 365-72.
12. The Project CHOICE Intervention Research Group. Reducing the risk of alcohoexposed pregnancy: a study a motivational intervention in community setting. Pediatrics 2003;111(1 Suppl):1131.
13. Larroque B, Bertrais S, Czernichow P, Leger J. School difficulties in 20-years who were born small for gestational age at term in a regional cohort study. Pediatrics 2001; 108:111-5.
14. Lansford JE, Dodge KA, Pettit GS, Bates JE, Crozier J, Kaplow J. A 12-years perspective study of the long term effects of early child physical maltreatment on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems in adolescence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:824-30.
15. Kendrick D, Elkan R, Hewitt M, et al. Does home visiting improve parenting and the quality of the home environment? A systematic review and meta analysis. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:443-51.
16. Latva R, Lehtonen L, Salmelin RK, Tamminen T. Visiting less than every day. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:1153-7.
17. Angelsen NK, Vik T, Jacobsen G, Bakketeiq LS. Breast feeding and cognitive development at age 1 and at age 5 years. Arch Dis Child 2001;85:183-8.
18. Food insufficiency and american school age children cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development. Pediatrics 2001;108: 44.
19. Abbott RD, White LR, Ross GW, et al. Height as a marker of childhood development and life-cognitive function: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Pediatrics 1998;102:602-9.
20. Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Szilagyi PG. Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among schoolaged children and adolescents in United States. Pediatrics 2001;107:1381-6.
21. Murray L, Cooper PJ. Effects of postnatal depression on infant development. Arch Dis Child 1997;77:99-101.
22. Linnet KM, Wisborg K, Obel C, et al. Smoking during pregnancy and the risk of hyperkinetic disorder in offspring. Pediatrics 2005;116:462-7.
23. Murray AD, Yingling JL. Competence in language at 24 months: relations with attachment security and home stimulation. J Genet Psychol 2000;161:133-40.
24. Todini G. I disturbi dell’apprendimento. Medico e Bambino 2003;22(Suppl 1):14-5.
25. Kvilekval P. L’insuccesso scolastico, la dislessia, l’iperattivitŕ. Medico e Bambino 2003; 22(Suppl 1):16-8. Intelligenza sociale
26. Apollonio MG, Barbiero C, Bascucci S, et al. Supporto precoce ai neogenitori. Č necessario? Serve? Medico e Bambino 2005;24: 589-98.
27. Brazelton TB, Greenspan SI. La scala di valutazione del comportamento del neonato (tr it.). Milano: Masson, 1997.
28. Brazelton TB. Il modello dei punti salienti. In: Brazelton TB, Greenspan SI. I bisogni irrinunciabili dei bambini. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore, 2002:197.
29. Brazelton TB, Greenspan SI. I bisogni irrinunciabili dei bambini. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore, 2001.
30. Kendrick D, Elkan R, Hewitt M, et al. Does home visiting improve parenting and the quality of home environment? A systematic review and meta analysis. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:443-51.
31. American Academy of Pediatrics. The role of home-visitation programs in improving health outcomes for children and family. Pediatrics 1998;101:486.
32. Ciotti F. Il sostegno domiciliare come fattore protettivo. Quaderni acp 2001;6:45.
33. Barlow J, Coren E. Parent training programmes for improving maternal psychosocial health. Cochrane Review 2001.
34. Causa P, Barbiero C. Stili di attaccamento e sviluppo della “emergent literacy”. Medico e Bambino 2005;24:482-7.
35. Moschetti A, Tortorella ML. Sonno e relazione di attaccamento. Medico e Bambino 2006;25:55-64.
36. Owens JA. Introduction: culture and sleep in children. Pediatrics 2005;11 (1 Suppl): 201-3.
37. Latz S, Wolf AW, Lozoff B. Co-sleeping in context sleep practices and problems in young children in Japan and in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153: 339-46.
38. Jenni OG, O’Connor BB. Children’s sleep: an interplay between culture and biology. Pediatrics 2005;115(1 Suppl):204-16.
39. Blair PS, Ball HL. The prevalence and characteristics associated with parent-infant bed-sharing in England. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:1106-10.
40. Wailoo M, Ball H, Fleming P, Ward Platt MP. Infants bed-sharing with mothers. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:1082-3.
41. Montgomery P, Stores G, Wiggs L. The relative efficacy of two brief treatments for sleep problems in youg learning disabled (mentally retarded) children. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:125- 30.
42. Christakis DA, Ebel BE, Rivara FP, Zimmerman FJ. Television, video, and computer game usage in children under 11 years of age. J Pediatr 2004;145:652-6.
43. Robinson TN, Wilde ML, Novracruz LC, Haydel KF, Varady A. Effects of reducing children’s television and video games use on aggressive behavior: a randomize controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:17- 23. Obesitŕ
44. Davison KK, Birch LL. Weight status, parent reaction, and self-concept in five-yearsold girls. Pediatrics 2001;107(1):46-53.
45. Viner RM, Cole TJ. Adult socioeconomic, educational, social and psychological outcomes of childhood obesity: a national birth cohort study. BMJ 2005;330:1354.
46. Kinra S, Baumer JH, Davey Smith G. Early growth and child obesity: a historical cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:1122-7.
47. Chiarelli F, Capanna R. L’obesitŕ in etŕ pediatrica. Medico e Bambino 2005;24(8):513- 25.
48. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ 2005;330:1357.
49. Clifford TJ. Breast feeding and obesity. BMJ 2003;27:879-80.
50. Li L, Parsons TJ, Power C. Breast feeding and obesisty in childhood: cross sectional study. BMJ 2003;327:904-5.
51. Victora CG, Barros F, Lima RC, Horta BL, Wells J. Anthropometry and body composition of 18-year old men according to duration of breast feeding. Birth cohort study from Brazil. BMJ 2003;327:901.
52. Viner RM, Cole TJ. Television viewing in early childhood predicts adult body mass index. J Pediatr 2005;147:429-35.
53. Davison KK, Francis LA, Birch LL. Links between parents’ and girls’ television viewing behaviors: a longitudinal examination. J Pediatr 2005;147:436-42.
54. Anderson RE, Crespo CJ, Bartlett SJ, Cheskin LJ, Pratt M. Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children: results from the Tird National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 1998; 279:938-42.
55. Hill J. Physical activity and obesity. Lancet 2004;363:182.
56. Strauss RS, Rodzilsky D, Burak G, Colin M. Psychosocial correlates of physical activity in healthy children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:897-902.
57. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugarsweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 2001;357:505-8.
58. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, et al. Fast-food habits, weight gain and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet 2005;365:36-42.
59. Austin SB, Field AE, Wiecha J, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. The impact of a schoolbased obesity prevention trial on disordered weight-control behaviors in early adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159: 225-30.
60. Maynard LM, Galuska DA, Blanck HM, Serdula MK. Maternal perception of weight staus of children. Pediatrics 2003;111(suppl): 1226-31.
61. Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade J. Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary school based intervention in reducing risk factors for obesity. BMJ 2001;323:1027-29.
62. Atkinson RL, Nitzke SA. School based programmes on obesity. BMJ 2001;323:1018- 9.
63. Coleman KJ, Tiller CL, Sanchez J, et al. Prevention of the epidemic increase in child risk of overweight in low-income schools. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:217-24.
64. Wrotniak BH, Epstein LH, Paluch RA, Roemmich JN. Parent weight change as a predictor of child weight change in family-based behavioral obesity treatment. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:342-7. Disciplina
65. Regalado M, Sareen H, Inkelas M, Wissow LS, Halfon N. Parents discipline of young children: results from the National Surwey of Early Childhood Health. Pediatrics 2004;113 (6 suppl):1952-8.
66. Stein MT, perrin EL. Guidance for effective discipline. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspect of Child and Family Health. Pediatrics 1998; 101:723-8.
67. Grogan-Kaylor A. Relationship of corporal punishment and antisocial behavior by neightborhood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:938-42.
68. Friedman SB, Schonberg SK. The shortand long-term consequences of corporal punishment. Pediatrics 1996;98:803.
69. Howard BJ. Advising parents on discipline: wath works. Pediatrics 1996;98:809-15.
70. Larzelere RE. A review of the outcomes of parental use of nonabusive or customary physical punishment. Pediatrics 1996;98:824-8.
71. McCord J. Unintended consequences of punishment. Pediatrics 1996;98:832-4. Altro
72. Mytton JA, DiGiuseppi C, Gough DA, Taylor RS, Logan S. School-based violence prevention programs. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:752-62.
73. Downs SM, Klein JD. Clinical preventive ser vices ef ficacy and adolescents’ risky behaviors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 149:374-9.
74. Weiss J, Okun M, Quay N. Predicting bicycle helmet stage-of-change among middle school, high school, and college cyclist from demographic, cognitive, and motivational variables. J Pediatr 2004;145:360-4.
75. Hagel BE, Pless IB, Goulet C, Platt RW, Robitaille Y. Ef fectiveness of helmes in skiers and snowboarders case-control and case-crossover study. BMJ 2005;230:281.
76. Stanton B, Cole M, Galbraith J, et al. Randomized trial of a parent intervention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:947-55.
77. Stallard P, Simpson N, Anderson S, Carter T, Osborn C, Bush S. An evaluation of the FRIENDS programme: a cognitive behaviour therapy intervention to promote emotional resilience. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:1016-9.
78. Winickoff JP, Berkowitz AB, Brooks K, et al. State-of-the-art interventions for office-based parental tobacco control. Pediatrics 2005; 115(3):750-60.
79. Woolfenden SR, Williams K, Peat JK. Family and parenting interventions for conduct disorder and delinquency: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Dis Child 2002;86:251-6.
80. Sargent JD, Dalton M. Does parental disapproval of smocking prevent adolescents from becoming established smockers? Pediatrics 2001;108:1256-62.
81. Spirito A, Monti PM, Barnett NP, et al. A randomized clinical trial of a brief motivational intervention for alcohol-positive adolescents treated in an emergency department. J Pediatr 2004;145:396-402.
82. Lilienfeld SO. Scientifically unsupported and supported inter ventins for childhood psychopathology: a summary. Pediatrics 2005:115:761-4. Metodologia
83. Holmes J. All you needs is cognitive behaviour therapy? BMJ 2002;324:288-90.
84. Tarrier N. Yes, cognitive behaviour therapy may well be all you need. BMJ 2002; 324:291.
85. MacDonald EK. Principles of behavioral assessment and management. Pediatr Clin North Amer 2003;50:801-16.
86. Gangemi M, Elli P. Pediatria e comunicazione: come si cambia. Medico e Bambino 2005;24:235-8. Qualche libro
87. Simonelli A, Calvo V. L’attaccamento: teoria e metodi di valutazione. Roma: Carocci Editore, 2002.
88. Azrin NH, Fox RM. Toilet training in less than a day. Reissue Editon, Pocket Books, 1989.
89. Barkey RA, Benton CM. Your defiant child: 8 steeps to better behavior. New York: Guildford Press, 1998.
90. Forehand R. Long N. Parenting the strong-willed child. The clinical proven fiveweek program for the parents of two-to-sex year-olds. McGraw-Hill/Contemporar y Books, 2002
1. Bolsover N. The evidence is weaker than claymed. BMJ 2002;324:294.
2. Szatmari P. The art of evidence-based child psychiatry. Evid Based Mental Health 2003; 6:99-100.
3. Young KT, Davis K, Schoen C, Parker S. Listening to parents. A national survey of parents with young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:255-62.
4. Drotar D. The diagnostic and statistical manual for primary care (DSM-PC), child and adolescent version: wath pediatric psychologist need to know. J Pediatr Psychol 1999;24:369-80.
5. Lavigne JV, Binns HJ, Christoffel KK, et al. Behavioural and emotional problems among preschool children in pediatric primary care: prevalence and pediatricians recognition. Pediatrics 1993;91:649-55.
6. Ferris TG, Saglam D, Stafford RS, et al. Changes in the daily practice of primary care for children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152:227-33.
7. Brown RT. Society of Pediatric Psychology presidential adress: toward a social echology of pediatric psychology. J Pediatr Psychol 2002;27:191-201.
8. Editorial. Giving guidance on child discipline. BMJ 2000;320:261-2.
9. Larzelere RE. Child discipline. Weak evidence for a smacking ban. BMJ 2000;320: 1538-9. Sviluppo cognitivo
10. Kitzman H, Olds DL, Henderson CR jr, et al. Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outocomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997;278:644-52.
11. Olds D, Henderson CR, Kitzman H, Cole R. Effects of prenatal and infancy nurse visitation on surveillance of children maltreatment. Pediatrics 1995;95: 365-72.
12. The Project CHOICE Intervention Research Group. Reducing the risk of alcohoexposed pregnancy: a study a motivational intervention in community setting. Pediatrics 2003;111(1 Suppl):1131.
13. Larroque B, Bertrais S, Czernichow P, Leger J. School difficulties in 20-years who were born small for gestational age at term in a regional cohort study. Pediatrics 2001; 108:111-5.
14. Lansford JE, Dodge KA, Pettit GS, Bates JE, Crozier J, Kaplow J. A 12-years perspective study of the long term effects of early child physical maltreatment on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems in adolescence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:824-30.
15. Kendrick D, Elkan R, Hewitt M, et al. Does home visiting improve parenting and the quality of the home environment? A systematic review and meta analysis. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:443-51.
16. Latva R, Lehtonen L, Salmelin RK, Tamminen T. Visiting less than every day. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:1153-7.
17. Angelsen NK, Vik T, Jacobsen G, Bakketeiq LS. Breast feeding and cognitive development at age 1 and at age 5 years. Arch Dis Child 2001;85:183-8.
18. Food insufficiency and american school age children cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development. Pediatrics 2001;108: 44.
19. Abbott RD, White LR, Ross GW, et al. Height as a marker of childhood development and life-cognitive function: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Pediatrics 1998;102:602-9.
20. Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Szilagyi PG. Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among schoolaged children and adolescents in United States. Pediatrics 2001;107:1381-6.
21. Murray L, Cooper PJ. Effects of postnatal depression on infant development. Arch Dis Child 1997;77:99-101.
22. Linnet KM, Wisborg K, Obel C, et al. Smoking during pregnancy and the risk of hyperkinetic disorder in offspring. Pediatrics 2005;116:462-7.
23. Murray AD, Yingling JL. Competence in language at 24 months: relations with attachment security and home stimulation. J Genet Psychol 2000;161:133-40.
24. Todini G. I disturbi dell’apprendimento. Medico e Bambino 2003;22(Suppl 1):14-5.
25. Kvilekval P. L’insuccesso scolastico, la dislessia, l’iperattivitŕ. Medico e Bambino 2003; 22(Suppl 1):16-8. Intelligenza sociale
26. Apollonio MG, Barbiero C, Bascucci S, et al. Supporto precoce ai neogenitori. Č necessario? Serve? Medico e Bambino 2005;24: 589-98.
27. Brazelton TB, Greenspan SI. La scala di valutazione del comportamento del neonato (tr it.). Milano: Masson, 1997.
28. Brazelton TB. Il modello dei punti salienti. In: Brazelton TB, Greenspan SI. I bisogni irrinunciabili dei bambini. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore, 2002:197.
29. Brazelton TB, Greenspan SI. I bisogni irrinunciabili dei bambini. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore, 2001.
30. Kendrick D, Elkan R, Hewitt M, et al. Does home visiting improve parenting and the quality of home environment? A systematic review and meta analysis. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:443-51.
31. American Academy of Pediatrics. The role of home-visitation programs in improving health outcomes for children and family. Pediatrics 1998;101:486.
32. Ciotti F. Il sostegno domiciliare come fattore protettivo. Quaderni acp 2001;6:45.
33. Barlow J, Coren E. Parent training programmes for improving maternal psychosocial health. Cochrane Review 2001.
34. Causa P, Barbiero C. Stili di attaccamento e sviluppo della “emergent literacy”. Medico e Bambino 2005;24:482-7.
35. Moschetti A, Tortorella ML. Sonno e relazione di attaccamento. Medico e Bambino 2006;25:55-64.
36. Owens JA. Introduction: culture and sleep in children. Pediatrics 2005;11 (1 Suppl): 201-3.
37. Latz S, Wolf AW, Lozoff B. Co-sleeping in context sleep practices and problems in young children in Japan and in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153: 339-46.
38. Jenni OG, O’Connor BB. Children’s sleep: an interplay between culture and biology. Pediatrics 2005;115(1 Suppl):204-16.
39. Blair PS, Ball HL. The prevalence and characteristics associated with parent-infant bed-sharing in England. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:1106-10.
40. Wailoo M, Ball H, Fleming P, Ward Platt MP. Infants bed-sharing with mothers. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:1082-3.
41. Montgomery P, Stores G, Wiggs L. The relative efficacy of two brief treatments for sleep problems in youg learning disabled (mentally retarded) children. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:125- 30.
42. Christakis DA, Ebel BE, Rivara FP, Zimmerman FJ. Television, video, and computer game usage in children under 11 years of age. J Pediatr 2004;145:652-6.
43. Robinson TN, Wilde ML, Novracruz LC, Haydel KF, Varady A. Effects of reducing children’s television and video games use on aggressive behavior: a randomize controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:17- 23. Obesitŕ
44. Davison KK, Birch LL. Weight status, parent reaction, and self-concept in five-yearsold girls. Pediatrics 2001;107(1):46-53.
45. Viner RM, Cole TJ. Adult socioeconomic, educational, social and psychological outcomes of childhood obesity: a national birth cohort study. BMJ 2005;330:1354.
46. Kinra S, Baumer JH, Davey Smith G. Early growth and child obesity: a historical cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:1122-7.
47. Chiarelli F, Capanna R. L’obesitŕ in etŕ pediatrica. Medico e Bambino 2005;24(8):513- 25.
48. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ 2005;330:1357.
49. Clifford TJ. Breast feeding and obesity. BMJ 2003;27:879-80.
50. Li L, Parsons TJ, Power C. Breast feeding and obesisty in childhood: cross sectional study. BMJ 2003;327:904-5.
51. Victora CG, Barros F, Lima RC, Horta BL, Wells J. Anthropometry and body composition of 18-year old men according to duration of breast feeding. Birth cohort study from Brazil. BMJ 2003;327:901.
52. Viner RM, Cole TJ. Television viewing in early childhood predicts adult body mass index. J Pediatr 2005;147:429-35.
53. Davison KK, Francis LA, Birch LL. Links between parents’ and girls’ television viewing behaviors: a longitudinal examination. J Pediatr 2005;147:436-42.
54. Anderson RE, Crespo CJ, Bartlett SJ, Cheskin LJ, Pratt M. Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children: results from the Tird National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 1998; 279:938-42.
55. Hill J. Physical activity and obesity. Lancet 2004;363:182.
56. Strauss RS, Rodzilsky D, Burak G, Colin M. Psychosocial correlates of physical activity in healthy children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:897-902.
57. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugarsweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 2001;357:505-8.
58. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, et al. Fast-food habits, weight gain and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet 2005;365:36-42.
59. Austin SB, Field AE, Wiecha J, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. The impact of a schoolbased obesity prevention trial on disordered weight-control behaviors in early adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159: 225-30.
60. Maynard LM, Galuska DA, Blanck HM, Serdula MK. Maternal perception of weight staus of children. Pediatrics 2003;111(suppl): 1226-31.
61. Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade J. Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary school based intervention in reducing risk factors for obesity. BMJ 2001;323:1027-29.
62. Atkinson RL, Nitzke SA. School based programmes on obesity. BMJ 2001;323:1018- 9.
63. Coleman KJ, Tiller CL, Sanchez J, et al. Prevention of the epidemic increase in child risk of overweight in low-income schools. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:217-24.
64. Wrotniak BH, Epstein LH, Paluch RA, Roemmich JN. Parent weight change as a predictor of child weight change in family-based behavioral obesity treatment. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:342-7. Disciplina
65. Regalado M, Sareen H, Inkelas M, Wissow LS, Halfon N. Parents discipline of young children: results from the National Surwey of Early Childhood Health. Pediatrics 2004;113 (6 suppl):1952-8.
66. Stein MT, perrin EL. Guidance for effective discipline. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspect of Child and Family Health. Pediatrics 1998; 101:723-8.
67. Grogan-Kaylor A. Relationship of corporal punishment and antisocial behavior by neightborhood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:938-42.
68. Friedman SB, Schonberg SK. The shortand long-term consequences of corporal punishment. Pediatrics 1996;98:803.
69. Howard BJ. Advising parents on discipline: wath works. Pediatrics 1996;98:809-15.
70. Larzelere RE. A review of the outcomes of parental use of nonabusive or customary physical punishment. Pediatrics 1996;98:824-8.
71. McCord J. Unintended consequences of punishment. Pediatrics 1996;98:832-4. Altro
72. Mytton JA, DiGiuseppi C, Gough DA, Taylor RS, Logan S. School-based violence prevention programs. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:752-62.
73. Downs SM, Klein JD. Clinical preventive ser vices ef ficacy and adolescents’ risky behaviors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 149:374-9.
74. Weiss J, Okun M, Quay N. Predicting bicycle helmet stage-of-change among middle school, high school, and college cyclist from demographic, cognitive, and motivational variables. J Pediatr 2004;145:360-4.
75. Hagel BE, Pless IB, Goulet C, Platt RW, Robitaille Y. Ef fectiveness of helmes in skiers and snowboarders case-control and case-crossover study. BMJ 2005;230:281.
76. Stanton B, Cole M, Galbraith J, et al. Randomized trial of a parent intervention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:947-55.
77. Stallard P, Simpson N, Anderson S, Carter T, Osborn C, Bush S. An evaluation of the FRIENDS programme: a cognitive behaviour therapy intervention to promote emotional resilience. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:1016-9.
78. Winickoff JP, Berkowitz AB, Brooks K, et al. State-of-the-art interventions for office-based parental tobacco control. Pediatrics 2005; 115(3):750-60.
79. Woolfenden SR, Williams K, Peat JK. Family and parenting interventions for conduct disorder and delinquency: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Dis Child 2002;86:251-6.
80. Sargent JD, Dalton M. Does parental disapproval of smocking prevent adolescents from becoming established smockers? Pediatrics 2001;108:1256-62.
81. Spirito A, Monti PM, Barnett NP, et al. A randomized clinical trial of a brief motivational intervention for alcohol-positive adolescents treated in an emergency department. J Pediatr 2004;145:396-402.
82. Lilienfeld SO. Scientifically unsupported and supported inter ventins for childhood psychopathology: a summary. Pediatrics 2005:115:761-4. Metodologia
83. Holmes J. All you needs is cognitive behaviour therapy? BMJ 2002;324:288-90.
84. Tarrier N. Yes, cognitive behaviour therapy may well be all you need. BMJ 2002; 324:291.
85. MacDonald EK. Principles of behavioral assessment and management. Pediatr Clin North Amer 2003;50:801-16.
86. Gangemi M, Elli P. Pediatria e comunicazione: come si cambia. Medico e Bambino 2005;24:235-8. Qualche libro
87. Simonelli A, Calvo V. L’attaccamento: teoria e metodi di valutazione. Roma: Carocci Editore, 2002.
88. Azrin NH, Fox RM. Toilet training in less than a day. Reissue Editon, Pocket Books, 1989.
89. Barkey RA, Benton CM. Your defiant child: 8 steeps to better behavior. New York: Guildford Press, 1998.
90. Forehand R. Long N. Parenting the strong-willed child. The clinical proven fiveweek program for the parents of two-to-sex year-olds. McGraw-Hill/Contemporar y Books, 2002
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