Problemi speciali
Che cosa succede nella testa dell’adolescente (maschio e femmina)
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE ADOLESCENTS’ MIND (MALE AND FEMALE)
Franco Panizon
Professore Emerito, Dipartimento di Scienze della Riproduzione e dello Sviluppo, Università di Trieste
Febbraio 2009 - pagg. 95 -104
Abstract
As for the brain development adolescence is not a final phase. The brain anatomo-functional
development significantly continues from the end of adolescence to 22-23 years of
age. It encompasses the main brain organic and functional modifications from birth to 22
years: the weight increase, almost completed at 5-6 years, the cognitive development, almost
completed at 12-13 years; the development of synaptogenesis and pruning, with a
total final balance of global halving; the functional modifications of the white matter, different
in males and females, the modifications of the relation between white and grey matters,
continually increasing, still lively after adolescence but at this age limited to two structures
essential for the quality of the mind: the striatum and the prefrontal dorsal-lateral area;
the increase in the dopaminergic activity during adolescence, often accompanied by a low
serotoninic activity, associated with adolescence depression; the role played during adolescence
and later by hormones, cortisol, testosteron, estrogen, prolactin and ossitocine; finally, the main anatomic differences between female and male brains.
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Ferrara M, Freda F, Ardizzone I. Adolescenza,
neurosviluppo, psicopatologia. Psichiatria
dell’infanzia e dell’adolescenza 2005;
72:443-54.
2. Ardizzone I. Adolescenza, neurosviluppo, psicopatologia. Psichiatria dell’infanzia e dell’adolescenza 2005;72:442-54.
3. Howard DE, Wang MQ, Yan F. Psychosocial factors associated with reports of physical violence among US adolescent females. Adolescents 2007;42:311-24.
4. Shain BN. American Academy of Pediatrics committee for adolescence. Suicide and suicide attempt in adolescents. Pediatrics 2007; 120:669-76.
5. Dekker MC, Ferdinand RF, vanLang NDJ, Bongers IL, van der Ende J, Verhulst FC. Development trajectories of depressive symptoms from early childhood to late adolescence: gender difference and adult outcome. J Child Psychol Psychiat 2007;48:657-66.
6. Hicks BM, Bloningen DM, Kramer MD, et al. Gender differences and developmental change in externalizing disorders from late adolescente to early adulthood: a longitudinal twin study. J Abnorm Psychol 2007;116:433-7.
7. Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN. Developmental neurocircuity of motivation in adolescents: a critical period for addictional. Am J Psychiatr 2003;160:1041-52.
8. Dahl RE. Adolescents brain development: a critical period of vulnerabilities and opportunities, keynote adress. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 1021:1-22.
9. Friedman RA. Uncovering an epidemic. Screening for mental illness in teens. N Engl J Med 2006:355:2717-22.
10. Bayer JK, Hiscock BH, Morton-Allen E, et al. Prevention of mental health problems: rationale for a universal approach. Arch Dis Child 2007;92:34-8.
11. Newman BM. Lohman BJ, Newman PR. Peer group membership and the sense of belonging: their relationship to adolescent behavior problem. Adolescents 2007;166:241-63.
12. Condor DF, Ford JD, Albert DB, Doerfler LA. Conduct disorder subtype and comorbidity. Ann Clin Psychiat 2007;19:161-8.
13. Spriggs AL, Iannotti RJ, Nansel TR, Haynie DL. Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: commonalities and differences across race/ ethnicity. J Adolesc Health 2007;41:283-93.
14. Macleod S, Appleton RE. Neurological disordes presenting mainly in adolescence. Arch Dis Child 2006;92:170-5.
15. Luna B, Garver KE, Urban TA, Lazar NA, Sweeney JA. Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Dev 2004;75:1357-72.
16. Johnson MH. Development of human brain functions. Biol Psychiatry 2003:15:1031-6.
17. Casey BG, Giedd JN, Thomas KM. Structural and functional brain development and its relations with cognitive development. Biol Psycol 2000;54:241-57.
18. Giedd J. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in the adolescent brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1021:77-85.
19. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Muzick O, Jeffries NO. Brain development during childhood and adolescence. A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neurosci 1999;10:861-3.
20. Oliveiro A, Oliveiro Ferraris A. Le trasformazioni dell’adolescenza. In: Oliveiro A, Oliveiro Ferraris A. Le età della mente. Milano: RCS Libri, 2004:160-81.
21. Giedd JN, Vaituzis CA, Hamburger SD. Quantitative MRI of temporal lobe, amigdala and hyppocampus in normal human development: age 4-18 years. J Comp Neurol 1996;366: 223-30.
22. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Holmes CJ, Jernigan TL, Toga AW. In vivo evidence of postadolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions. Nature Neurosci 1999;2:859-61.
23. Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Wellcome SE, Hemkenius AL, Tpka AW. Mapping cortical changes across the human life span. Nature Neurosci 2003;6:309-15.
24. Hampton T. Study tracks children’s brain development. JAMA 2007;297:2683.
25. Benes FM, Turtle M, Khan Y. Myelination of a key relay zone in the hyppocampal formation occurs in human brain during childhood, adolescente and adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:477-84.
26. Schmithorlst VJ, Holland SK, Dardzinski BJ. Developmental differences in white matter architecture between boys and girls. Human Brain Mapping 2007;29:696-710.
27. Huttenlocher PR. Synaptic density in human frontal cortex - developmental hanging and the effect of aging. Brain Res 1979;163: 195-205.
28. Huttenlocher PR, Dabhokar AS. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 1997;387:167-78.
29. Strauch B. Capire un adolescente. Milano: Mondadori Ed, 2004.
30. Kane JM, Arnsten AF, Shansky RM. Adolescence: vulnerable period for stress-induced prefrontal cortical functions? Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1021:143-7.
31. Pine DS. Integrative research on developmental psychopathology and neuroscience in the study of adolescents. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1021:61-3.
32. Rosso IM, Young AD, Femia LA, Yurgelun- Todd DA. Cognitive and emotional components of frontal lobe functioning in childhood and adolescence. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1021; 355:-62.
33. Paus T, Zijdenbos A, Worsley K, et al. Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents. In vivo study. Science 1999;283:1908-11.
34. Koch W, Schaff N, Popperl G, et al. P-123 ADAM and SPECT in patients with borderline personality disorder and healty control subjects. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2007;32:234- 40.
35. Slotkin TA. Nicotine and the adolescent brain: insights from an animal model. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2002;24:369-84.
36. Börenbaum SA. Effect of early androgens on sex-typed activities and interest in adolescence with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Behav 1999;35:102-10.
37. Cameron J. Effects of sex hormones in brain development. In: Nelson CA, Luciana M (Eds). Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
38. Giedd J, Vaituzis CA, Hamburger SD. Quantitative MRI of the temporal lobe, amigdala and hyppocampus in normal human development, ages 4-18 years. J Comparative Neurol 1996;366:223-30.
39. Coocke BM, Chovanadisai W, Breedlove MS. Post-weaning social isolation of male rats reduces the volume of the medial amigdala and lends in adults sexual behavior. Behav Brain Res 2000;57:107-13.
40. Reiss D, Nerderhisher JM, Hetherigton EM, Plomin R. The relationship code: deciphreing genetic and social pattern in adolescence development. Cambridge: Harward University Press, 1999.
41. Plomin R, DeFries JC, McClearn GE, Mc- Guffin P. Genetica del comportamento. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Ed, 2006.
42. Walzer SP, Chang SM, Popwell CA. Effects of psycho-social stimulation and dietary supplementation in early childhood on psychosocial functioning in late adolescence: follow-up at a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006; 333:460-6.
43. Dosani S. Prevention of psychosocial problems in adolescence. BMJ 2006;333:460-2.
2. Ardizzone I. Adolescenza, neurosviluppo, psicopatologia. Psichiatria dell’infanzia e dell’adolescenza 2005;72:442-54.
3. Howard DE, Wang MQ, Yan F. Psychosocial factors associated with reports of physical violence among US adolescent females. Adolescents 2007;42:311-24.
4. Shain BN. American Academy of Pediatrics committee for adolescence. Suicide and suicide attempt in adolescents. Pediatrics 2007; 120:669-76.
5. Dekker MC, Ferdinand RF, vanLang NDJ, Bongers IL, van der Ende J, Verhulst FC. Development trajectories of depressive symptoms from early childhood to late adolescence: gender difference and adult outcome. J Child Psychol Psychiat 2007;48:657-66.
6. Hicks BM, Bloningen DM, Kramer MD, et al. Gender differences and developmental change in externalizing disorders from late adolescente to early adulthood: a longitudinal twin study. J Abnorm Psychol 2007;116:433-7.
7. Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN. Developmental neurocircuity of motivation in adolescents: a critical period for addictional. Am J Psychiatr 2003;160:1041-52.
8. Dahl RE. Adolescents brain development: a critical period of vulnerabilities and opportunities, keynote adress. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 1021:1-22.
9. Friedman RA. Uncovering an epidemic. Screening for mental illness in teens. N Engl J Med 2006:355:2717-22.
10. Bayer JK, Hiscock BH, Morton-Allen E, et al. Prevention of mental health problems: rationale for a universal approach. Arch Dis Child 2007;92:34-8.
11. Newman BM. Lohman BJ, Newman PR. Peer group membership and the sense of belonging: their relationship to adolescent behavior problem. Adolescents 2007;166:241-63.
12. Condor DF, Ford JD, Albert DB, Doerfler LA. Conduct disorder subtype and comorbidity. Ann Clin Psychiat 2007;19:161-8.
13. Spriggs AL, Iannotti RJ, Nansel TR, Haynie DL. Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: commonalities and differences across race/ ethnicity. J Adolesc Health 2007;41:283-93.
14. Macleod S, Appleton RE. Neurological disordes presenting mainly in adolescence. Arch Dis Child 2006;92:170-5.
15. Luna B, Garver KE, Urban TA, Lazar NA, Sweeney JA. Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Dev 2004;75:1357-72.
16. Johnson MH. Development of human brain functions. Biol Psychiatry 2003:15:1031-6.
17. Casey BG, Giedd JN, Thomas KM. Structural and functional brain development and its relations with cognitive development. Biol Psycol 2000;54:241-57.
18. Giedd J. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in the adolescent brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1021:77-85.
19. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Muzick O, Jeffries NO. Brain development during childhood and adolescence. A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neurosci 1999;10:861-3.
20. Oliveiro A, Oliveiro Ferraris A. Le trasformazioni dell’adolescenza. In: Oliveiro A, Oliveiro Ferraris A. Le età della mente. Milano: RCS Libri, 2004:160-81.
21. Giedd JN, Vaituzis CA, Hamburger SD. Quantitative MRI of temporal lobe, amigdala and hyppocampus in normal human development: age 4-18 years. J Comp Neurol 1996;366: 223-30.
22. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Holmes CJ, Jernigan TL, Toga AW. In vivo evidence of postadolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions. Nature Neurosci 1999;2:859-61.
23. Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Wellcome SE, Hemkenius AL, Tpka AW. Mapping cortical changes across the human life span. Nature Neurosci 2003;6:309-15.
24. Hampton T. Study tracks children’s brain development. JAMA 2007;297:2683.
25. Benes FM, Turtle M, Khan Y. Myelination of a key relay zone in the hyppocampal formation occurs in human brain during childhood, adolescente and adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:477-84.
26. Schmithorlst VJ, Holland SK, Dardzinski BJ. Developmental differences in white matter architecture between boys and girls. Human Brain Mapping 2007;29:696-710.
27. Huttenlocher PR. Synaptic density in human frontal cortex - developmental hanging and the effect of aging. Brain Res 1979;163: 195-205.
28. Huttenlocher PR, Dabhokar AS. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 1997;387:167-78.
29. Strauch B. Capire un adolescente. Milano: Mondadori Ed, 2004.
30. Kane JM, Arnsten AF, Shansky RM. Adolescence: vulnerable period for stress-induced prefrontal cortical functions? Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1021:143-7.
31. Pine DS. Integrative research on developmental psychopathology and neuroscience in the study of adolescents. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1021:61-3.
32. Rosso IM, Young AD, Femia LA, Yurgelun- Todd DA. Cognitive and emotional components of frontal lobe functioning in childhood and adolescence. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1021; 355:-62.
33. Paus T, Zijdenbos A, Worsley K, et al. Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents. In vivo study. Science 1999;283:1908-11.
34. Koch W, Schaff N, Popperl G, et al. P-123 ADAM and SPECT in patients with borderline personality disorder and healty control subjects. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2007;32:234- 40.
35. Slotkin TA. Nicotine and the adolescent brain: insights from an animal model. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2002;24:369-84.
36. Börenbaum SA. Effect of early androgens on sex-typed activities and interest in adolescence with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Behav 1999;35:102-10.
37. Cameron J. Effects of sex hormones in brain development. In: Nelson CA, Luciana M (Eds). Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
38. Giedd J, Vaituzis CA, Hamburger SD. Quantitative MRI of the temporal lobe, amigdala and hyppocampus in normal human development, ages 4-18 years. J Comparative Neurol 1996;366:223-30.
39. Coocke BM, Chovanadisai W, Breedlove MS. Post-weaning social isolation of male rats reduces the volume of the medial amigdala and lends in adults sexual behavior. Behav Brain Res 2000;57:107-13.
40. Reiss D, Nerderhisher JM, Hetherigton EM, Plomin R. The relationship code: deciphreing genetic and social pattern in adolescence development. Cambridge: Harward University Press, 1999.
41. Plomin R, DeFries JC, McClearn GE, Mc- Guffin P. Genetica del comportamento. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Ed, 2006.
42. Walzer SP, Chang SM, Popwell CA. Effects of psycho-social stimulation and dietary supplementation in early childhood on psychosocial functioning in late adolescence: follow-up at a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006; 333:460-6.
43. Dosani S. Prevention of psychosocial problems in adolescence. BMJ 2006;333:460-2.
Corrispondenza: f.panizon@libero.it