Focus
IL PEDIATRA E LA MALATTIA INFIAMMATORIA CRONICA INTESTINALE (MICI)
Malattia di Crohn: fra epidemiologia e patogenesi
PAOLO LIONETTI, MARINELLA VELTRONI, ANNA PAZZAGLIA, MARIA MORIONDO E ALBERTO VIERUCCI
III Clinica Pediatrica dell’Università di Firenze
Ottobre 1998 - pagg. 503 -527
Parole chiave
Suggerite dall'AI
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis
and Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterol Clin North
Amer 24, 475-507, 1995.
2. Dignass A, Goebell H: Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 11, 292-297, 1995.
3. Lanfranchi GA, Mechelini A, Brignola C, et al: Uno studio epidemiologico sulle malattie infiammatorie intestinali nella provincia di Bologna. Giornale di Clinica Medica 57, 235-245, 1976.
4. Binder V, Both H, Hansen PK, et al: Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in the county of Copenaghen, 1962-1978. Gastroenterology 83, 563-568, 1982.
5. Ruiz V, Potel J: Crohn’s disease in Galicia, Spain:1968-1982. Frontiers in Gastrointestinal Research 11, 94-101, 1986.
6. Shivanada S, Lennard-Jones J, Logan R, Fear N, Price A Carpenter L, van Blankestein M and the EC-IBD Study Group: Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the european collaborative study on inflammatory bowel disease (EC-IBD). Gut 39, 690-697, 1996.
7. Cosgrove M, Al-Atia RF, Jenkins HR: The epidemiology of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Dis Child 74, 460-461, 1996.
8. Murch SH: Inflammatory Bowel Disease. In: Diarrhoeal Disease, Gracey M, Walker- Smith JA (eds). Nestlè Nutrition Workshop Series 38, 265-275, Nestec Ltd, Vevey/Lippincott- Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1997.
9. Probert CJS, Jayanthi V, Hughes AO, Thompson JR, Wicks ACB, Mayberry JF: Prevalence and family risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: an epidemiological study among Europeans and South Asians in Leicestershire. Gut 34, 1547-1551 1993.
10. Yang H, Rotter JI: Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. In: Targan SR, Shanahan F (eds). Inflammatory bowel disease: from bench to bedside. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 32-64, 1994.
11. Sachar DB: Crohn’s disease: a family affair. Gastroenterology 111, 813-825, 1996.
12. Peeters M, Nevens H, Baert F, Hiele M, Meyer AM, Vlietink R, Rutgeerts P: Familial aggregation in Crohn’s disease: increased age-adjusted risk and concordance in clinical characteristics. Gastroenterology 111, 597-603, 1996.
13. Polito JM, Childs B, Mellits ED, Tokayer AZ, Harris ML, Bayless TM: Crohn’s disease: influence of age at diagnosis on site and clinical type of disease. Gastroenterology 111, 580- 586, 1996.
14. Polito JM, Rees RC, Childs B, Mendeloff AI, Harris ML, Bayless TM: Preliminary evidence for genetic anticipation in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 347, 798-800, 1996.
15. Crohn BB, Ginzburg K, Oppenheimer GD: Regional ileitis. A pathological and clinical entity. JAMA 99, 1323-1329, 1932.
16. Balfour Sartor R: Microbial factors in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and experimental intestinal inflammation. In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RJ (eds): Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 4th ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 96-124, 1995.
17. Sanderson JD, Moss MT, Tizard ML, et al: Mycobacterium paratubercolosis DNA in Crohn’s disease tissue. Gut 33, 890-896, 1992.
18. Wakefield AJ, Ekmom A, Dhillon AP, Pittilo RM, Pounder RE: Crohn’s disease: pathogenesis and persistent measles virus infection. Gastroenterology 108, 911-916, 1995.
19. Wakefield AJ, Pittilo RM, Sim R, et al: Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn’s disease. J Med Virol 39, 345-353, 1993.
20. Thompson NP, Montgomery SM, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ: Is measles vaccination a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease? Lancet 345, 1071-1074, 1995.
21. Feeney M, Clegg A, Winwood P, Snook KJ: A case-control study of measles vaccination and inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 350, 764-766, 1997.
22. Haga Y, Funakoshi O, Kuroe K, Kanazawa K, Nakajima H, Saito H, Murata Y, Munakata A, Yoshida Y: Absence of measles viral genomic sequence in intestinal tissues from Crohn’s disease by nested polymerase chain reaction. Gut 38, 211-215, 1996.
23. Ottaway CA, Parrot DMV: Regional blood flow and the localization of lymphoblasts in the small intestine of the mouse. 1.Examination of the normal small intestine. Immunology 41, 955-961, 1980.
24. Fisher NC, Yee L, Nightingale P, McEwan R, Gibson JA: Measles virus serology in Crohn’s disease. Gut 41, 66-69, 1997.
25. Choy MY, Walker-Smith JA, Williams CB, MacDonald TT: Differential expression of CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor) on lamina propria T cells and macrophages in the intestinal lesions in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Gut 31, 1365-1370, 1990.
26. Brynskov J, Tvede N, Anderson CB, et al: Increased concentrations of interleukin 1, interleukin- 2, and soluble interleukin-2 receptors in endoscopical mucosal biopsy specimens with active inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 33, 55-8, 1992.
27. Selby WS, Janossy G, Mason DY, et al: Expression of HLA-DR antigens by colonic epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 53, 614-18, 1983.
28. Mahida YR, Wu K, Jewell DP: Enhanced production of interleukin 1 beta by mononuclear cells isolated from mucosa with active ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Gut 30, 835- 838, 1989.
29. Cominelli F, Nast CC, Duchini, Lee M: Recombinant interleukin 1 receptor antagonist blocks the proinflammatory activity of the endogenous interleukin 1 in rabbit immune colitis. Gastroenterology 103, 365-371, 1992.
30. Casini Raggi V, Kam L, Chong YJT, Fiocchi C, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F: Mucosal imbalance of IL-1 and IL-1 Receptor Antagonist in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. A novel mechanism of chronic intestinal inflammation. J Immunol 154, 2434-2440, 1995.
31. Gross V, Andus T, Caesar I, et al: Evidence for continuous stimulation of interleukin-6 production in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 102, 514-519,1992.
32. Mitsuyama K, Sasaki E, Toyonaga A, et al: Colonic mucosal interleukin-6 in inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion 50, 104-111, 1991.
33. Nicholls SW, Stephens S, Braegger CP, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Cytokines in stools of children with inflammatory bowel disease or infective diarrhoea. J Clin Pathol 46, 757-760, 1993.
34. Murch SH, Lamkin VA, Savage MO, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha in childhood chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 32, 913-917, 1991.
35. Braegger CP, Nicholls SW, Murch SH, Stephens S, MacDonald TT: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha in stool as marker of intestinal inflammation. Lancet 339, 89-91, 1992.
36. Murch SH, Braegger CP, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Immunohistochemical localization of tumour necrosis factor alpha in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 34, 1708-1709, 1993.
37. Capello M Keshav S, Prince C, Jewell DP, Gordon S: Detection of mRNA for macrophage products in inflammatoryu bowel disease by in situ hybridization. Gut 33, 1214-1219, 1992.
38. Stevens C, Walz G, Singaram C, et al: Tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 37, 818-826, 1992.
39. Breese EJ, Michie CA, Nicholls SW, Murch SH, Williams CB, Domizio P, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Tumour necrosis factor alpha-producing cells in intestinal mucosa of children with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 106, 1455-1466, 1994.
40. Derkx B, Taminiau J, Radema S, et al: Tumour necrosis factor antibody treatment in Cron’s disease. Lancet 342, 173-174, 1993.
41. Van Dullemen HM, Van Deventer SJH, Hommes DW, Bijl HA, Jansen J, Tytgat GNJ, Woody J: Treatment of Crohn’s disease with anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (cA2). Gastroenterology 109, 129-135, 1995.
42. Stack WA, Mann SD, Roy AJ, Heath P, Sopwith M, Freeman J, Holmes G, Long R, Forbes A. Kamm MA, Hawkey CJ: Randomized controlled trial of CDP571 antibody to tumour necrosis factor-alfa in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 349, 521-524, 1997.
43. Fais S, Capobianchi MR, Pallone F, et al: Spontaneous release of interferon gamma by intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes in Crohn’s disease. Kinetics of in vitro response to interferon gamma inducer. Gut 32, 403-407, 1991.
44. Breese E, Braegger CP, Corrigan CJ, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma-secreting cells in normal and diseased human intestinal mucosa. Immunology 78, 127-131, 1993.
45. Mullin GE, Lazenby AJ, Harris ML, Bayless TM, James SP: Increased interleukin-2 messanger RNA in the intestinal mucosal lesions of Crohn’s disease but not ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 102, 1620-1627, 1992.
46. Parronchi P, Romagnani P, Annunziato F, Sampognaro S, Becchio A, Giannarini L, Maggi E, Pupilli C, Tonelli F, Romagnani S: Type 1 T-helper cell predominants and interleukin-12 expression in the gut of patients with Crohn’s disease. Am J Pathol 150, 823-832, 1997.
47. MacDonald TT, Spencer J: Evidence that activated mucosal T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in human small intestine. J Exp Med 167, 1341-1349, 1988.
48. Lionetti P, Breese E, Braegger CP, Murch SH, Taylor J, MacDonald TT: T- cell activation can induce either mucosal destruction or adaptation in cultured human fetal small intestine. Gastroenterology 105, 373-381, 1993.
49. Pender SLF, Lionetti P, Murch SH, Wathan N, MacDonald TT: Proteolytic degradation of intestinal mucosal extracellular matrix after lamina propria T cell activation. Gut 39, 284-290, 1996.
50. Pender SLF, Tickle SP, Docherty AJP, Howie D, Wathen NC, MacDonald TT: A major role for matrix metalloproteinases in T cell injury in the gut. J Immunol 158, 1582- 1590, 1997.
51. Murch SH, MacDonald TT, Walker-Smith JA, Levin M, Lionetti P, Klein NJ: Disruption of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in intestinal inflammation. Lancet 341, 711-714, 1993.
52. James SP: Remission of Crohn’s disease after human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gastroenterology 95, 1667-1669, 1988.
53. Stronkhorst A, Radema S, Yong S-L, Bijl H, ten Berge IJM, Tytgat GNJ, van Deventer SJH: CD4 antibody treatment in patients with active Crohn’s disease: a phase 1 dose finding study. Gut 40, 320-327, 1997.
54. Aisenberg J, Ebert EC, Mayer L: T cell activation in human intestinal mucosa: the role of superantigens. Gastroenterology 105, 1421- 30, 1993.
55. Lionetti P, Spencer J, Breese E, Murch SH, Taylor J, MacDonald TT: Activation of mucosal V3+ T cells and tissue damage in human small intestine by the bacterial superantigen, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Eur J Immunol 23, 664-668, 1993.
56. Thomas R, Schurmann G, Lionetti P, Pender SLF, MacDonald TT: T cell receptor Vß expression in human intestine: regional variation in postnatal intestine and biased usage in fetal gut. Gut 38, 190-195, 1996.
57. MacDonald TT: Breakdown of tolerance to the intestinal bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clin Exp Immunol 102, 445-447, 1995.
58. Duchmann R, Kaiser I, Hermann E, Mayet W, Ewe K, Meyer Zum Bushenfelde KH: Tolerance exists toward resident intestinal flora but is broken in active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clin Exp Immunol 102, 448-455, 1995.
59. Hammer RE, Maika SD, Richardson JA, Tang J, Taurog JD: Spontaneous inflammatory disease in transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27 and human ß2-microglobulin: an animal model of HLA-B27-associated human disorder. Cell 63, 1099-1112, 1990.
60. Sadlack B, Merz H, Shorle H, et al: Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with disrupted interleukin-2 gene. Cell 75, 253-261, 1993.
61. Kuhn R, Lohler J, Rennik D, et al: Interleukin- 10 deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 75, 263-274, 1993.
62. Mombaerts P, Mizoguchi E, Grusby MJ, et al: Spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease in T cell receptor mutant mice. Cell 75, 275-282, 1993.
63. Strober W, Kelsall B, Fuss I, Marth T, Ludviksson B, Ehrhardt R, Neurath M: Reciprocal IFN-g and TGF-ß responses regulate the occurrence of mucosal inflammation. Immunology Today 18, 61-64, 1997.
2. Dignass A, Goebell H: Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 11, 292-297, 1995.
3. Lanfranchi GA, Mechelini A, Brignola C, et al: Uno studio epidemiologico sulle malattie infiammatorie intestinali nella provincia di Bologna. Giornale di Clinica Medica 57, 235-245, 1976.
4. Binder V, Both H, Hansen PK, et al: Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in the county of Copenaghen, 1962-1978. Gastroenterology 83, 563-568, 1982.
5. Ruiz V, Potel J: Crohn’s disease in Galicia, Spain:1968-1982. Frontiers in Gastrointestinal Research 11, 94-101, 1986.
6. Shivanada S, Lennard-Jones J, Logan R, Fear N, Price A Carpenter L, van Blankestein M and the EC-IBD Study Group: Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the european collaborative study on inflammatory bowel disease (EC-IBD). Gut 39, 690-697, 1996.
7. Cosgrove M, Al-Atia RF, Jenkins HR: The epidemiology of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Dis Child 74, 460-461, 1996.
8. Murch SH: Inflammatory Bowel Disease. In: Diarrhoeal Disease, Gracey M, Walker- Smith JA (eds). Nestlè Nutrition Workshop Series 38, 265-275, Nestec Ltd, Vevey/Lippincott- Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1997.
9. Probert CJS, Jayanthi V, Hughes AO, Thompson JR, Wicks ACB, Mayberry JF: Prevalence and family risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: an epidemiological study among Europeans and South Asians in Leicestershire. Gut 34, 1547-1551 1993.
10. Yang H, Rotter JI: Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. In: Targan SR, Shanahan F (eds). Inflammatory bowel disease: from bench to bedside. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 32-64, 1994.
11. Sachar DB: Crohn’s disease: a family affair. Gastroenterology 111, 813-825, 1996.
12. Peeters M, Nevens H, Baert F, Hiele M, Meyer AM, Vlietink R, Rutgeerts P: Familial aggregation in Crohn’s disease: increased age-adjusted risk and concordance in clinical characteristics. Gastroenterology 111, 597-603, 1996.
13. Polito JM, Childs B, Mellits ED, Tokayer AZ, Harris ML, Bayless TM: Crohn’s disease: influence of age at diagnosis on site and clinical type of disease. Gastroenterology 111, 580- 586, 1996.
14. Polito JM, Rees RC, Childs B, Mendeloff AI, Harris ML, Bayless TM: Preliminary evidence for genetic anticipation in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 347, 798-800, 1996.
15. Crohn BB, Ginzburg K, Oppenheimer GD: Regional ileitis. A pathological and clinical entity. JAMA 99, 1323-1329, 1932.
16. Balfour Sartor R: Microbial factors in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and experimental intestinal inflammation. In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RJ (eds): Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 4th ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 96-124, 1995.
17. Sanderson JD, Moss MT, Tizard ML, et al: Mycobacterium paratubercolosis DNA in Crohn’s disease tissue. Gut 33, 890-896, 1992.
18. Wakefield AJ, Ekmom A, Dhillon AP, Pittilo RM, Pounder RE: Crohn’s disease: pathogenesis and persistent measles virus infection. Gastroenterology 108, 911-916, 1995.
19. Wakefield AJ, Pittilo RM, Sim R, et al: Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn’s disease. J Med Virol 39, 345-353, 1993.
20. Thompson NP, Montgomery SM, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ: Is measles vaccination a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease? Lancet 345, 1071-1074, 1995.
21. Feeney M, Clegg A, Winwood P, Snook KJ: A case-control study of measles vaccination and inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 350, 764-766, 1997.
22. Haga Y, Funakoshi O, Kuroe K, Kanazawa K, Nakajima H, Saito H, Murata Y, Munakata A, Yoshida Y: Absence of measles viral genomic sequence in intestinal tissues from Crohn’s disease by nested polymerase chain reaction. Gut 38, 211-215, 1996.
23. Ottaway CA, Parrot DMV: Regional blood flow and the localization of lymphoblasts in the small intestine of the mouse. 1.Examination of the normal small intestine. Immunology 41, 955-961, 1980.
24. Fisher NC, Yee L, Nightingale P, McEwan R, Gibson JA: Measles virus serology in Crohn’s disease. Gut 41, 66-69, 1997.
25. Choy MY, Walker-Smith JA, Williams CB, MacDonald TT: Differential expression of CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor) on lamina propria T cells and macrophages in the intestinal lesions in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Gut 31, 1365-1370, 1990.
26. Brynskov J, Tvede N, Anderson CB, et al: Increased concentrations of interleukin 1, interleukin- 2, and soluble interleukin-2 receptors in endoscopical mucosal biopsy specimens with active inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 33, 55-8, 1992.
27. Selby WS, Janossy G, Mason DY, et al: Expression of HLA-DR antigens by colonic epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 53, 614-18, 1983.
28. Mahida YR, Wu K, Jewell DP: Enhanced production of interleukin 1 beta by mononuclear cells isolated from mucosa with active ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Gut 30, 835- 838, 1989.
29. Cominelli F, Nast CC, Duchini, Lee M: Recombinant interleukin 1 receptor antagonist blocks the proinflammatory activity of the endogenous interleukin 1 in rabbit immune colitis. Gastroenterology 103, 365-371, 1992.
30. Casini Raggi V, Kam L, Chong YJT, Fiocchi C, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F: Mucosal imbalance of IL-1 and IL-1 Receptor Antagonist in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. A novel mechanism of chronic intestinal inflammation. J Immunol 154, 2434-2440, 1995.
31. Gross V, Andus T, Caesar I, et al: Evidence for continuous stimulation of interleukin-6 production in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 102, 514-519,1992.
32. Mitsuyama K, Sasaki E, Toyonaga A, et al: Colonic mucosal interleukin-6 in inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion 50, 104-111, 1991.
33. Nicholls SW, Stephens S, Braegger CP, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Cytokines in stools of children with inflammatory bowel disease or infective diarrhoea. J Clin Pathol 46, 757-760, 1993.
34. Murch SH, Lamkin VA, Savage MO, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha in childhood chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 32, 913-917, 1991.
35. Braegger CP, Nicholls SW, Murch SH, Stephens S, MacDonald TT: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha in stool as marker of intestinal inflammation. Lancet 339, 89-91, 1992.
36. Murch SH, Braegger CP, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Immunohistochemical localization of tumour necrosis factor alpha in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 34, 1708-1709, 1993.
37. Capello M Keshav S, Prince C, Jewell DP, Gordon S: Detection of mRNA for macrophage products in inflammatoryu bowel disease by in situ hybridization. Gut 33, 1214-1219, 1992.
38. Stevens C, Walz G, Singaram C, et al: Tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 37, 818-826, 1992.
39. Breese EJ, Michie CA, Nicholls SW, Murch SH, Williams CB, Domizio P, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Tumour necrosis factor alpha-producing cells in intestinal mucosa of children with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 106, 1455-1466, 1994.
40. Derkx B, Taminiau J, Radema S, et al: Tumour necrosis factor antibody treatment in Cron’s disease. Lancet 342, 173-174, 1993.
41. Van Dullemen HM, Van Deventer SJH, Hommes DW, Bijl HA, Jansen J, Tytgat GNJ, Woody J: Treatment of Crohn’s disease with anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (cA2). Gastroenterology 109, 129-135, 1995.
42. Stack WA, Mann SD, Roy AJ, Heath P, Sopwith M, Freeman J, Holmes G, Long R, Forbes A. Kamm MA, Hawkey CJ: Randomized controlled trial of CDP571 antibody to tumour necrosis factor-alfa in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 349, 521-524, 1997.
43. Fais S, Capobianchi MR, Pallone F, et al: Spontaneous release of interferon gamma by intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes in Crohn’s disease. Kinetics of in vitro response to interferon gamma inducer. Gut 32, 403-407, 1991.
44. Breese E, Braegger CP, Corrigan CJ, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT: Interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma-secreting cells in normal and diseased human intestinal mucosa. Immunology 78, 127-131, 1993.
45. Mullin GE, Lazenby AJ, Harris ML, Bayless TM, James SP: Increased interleukin-2 messanger RNA in the intestinal mucosal lesions of Crohn’s disease but not ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 102, 1620-1627, 1992.
46. Parronchi P, Romagnani P, Annunziato F, Sampognaro S, Becchio A, Giannarini L, Maggi E, Pupilli C, Tonelli F, Romagnani S: Type 1 T-helper cell predominants and interleukin-12 expression in the gut of patients with Crohn’s disease. Am J Pathol 150, 823-832, 1997.
47. MacDonald TT, Spencer J: Evidence that activated mucosal T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in human small intestine. J Exp Med 167, 1341-1349, 1988.
48. Lionetti P, Breese E, Braegger CP, Murch SH, Taylor J, MacDonald TT: T- cell activation can induce either mucosal destruction or adaptation in cultured human fetal small intestine. Gastroenterology 105, 373-381, 1993.
49. Pender SLF, Lionetti P, Murch SH, Wathan N, MacDonald TT: Proteolytic degradation of intestinal mucosal extracellular matrix after lamina propria T cell activation. Gut 39, 284-290, 1996.
50. Pender SLF, Tickle SP, Docherty AJP, Howie D, Wathen NC, MacDonald TT: A major role for matrix metalloproteinases in T cell injury in the gut. J Immunol 158, 1582- 1590, 1997.
51. Murch SH, MacDonald TT, Walker-Smith JA, Levin M, Lionetti P, Klein NJ: Disruption of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in intestinal inflammation. Lancet 341, 711-714, 1993.
52. James SP: Remission of Crohn’s disease after human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gastroenterology 95, 1667-1669, 1988.
53. Stronkhorst A, Radema S, Yong S-L, Bijl H, ten Berge IJM, Tytgat GNJ, van Deventer SJH: CD4 antibody treatment in patients with active Crohn’s disease: a phase 1 dose finding study. Gut 40, 320-327, 1997.
54. Aisenberg J, Ebert EC, Mayer L: T cell activation in human intestinal mucosa: the role of superantigens. Gastroenterology 105, 1421- 30, 1993.
55. Lionetti P, Spencer J, Breese E, Murch SH, Taylor J, MacDonald TT: Activation of mucosal V3+ T cells and tissue damage in human small intestine by the bacterial superantigen, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Eur J Immunol 23, 664-668, 1993.
56. Thomas R, Schurmann G, Lionetti P, Pender SLF, MacDonald TT: T cell receptor Vß expression in human intestine: regional variation in postnatal intestine and biased usage in fetal gut. Gut 38, 190-195, 1996.
57. MacDonald TT: Breakdown of tolerance to the intestinal bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clin Exp Immunol 102, 445-447, 1995.
58. Duchmann R, Kaiser I, Hermann E, Mayet W, Ewe K, Meyer Zum Bushenfelde KH: Tolerance exists toward resident intestinal flora but is broken in active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clin Exp Immunol 102, 448-455, 1995.
59. Hammer RE, Maika SD, Richardson JA, Tang J, Taurog JD: Spontaneous inflammatory disease in transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27 and human ß2-microglobulin: an animal model of HLA-B27-associated human disorder. Cell 63, 1099-1112, 1990.
60. Sadlack B, Merz H, Shorle H, et al: Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with disrupted interleukin-2 gene. Cell 75, 253-261, 1993.
61. Kuhn R, Lohler J, Rennik D, et al: Interleukin- 10 deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 75, 263-274, 1993.
62. Mombaerts P, Mizoguchi E, Grusby MJ, et al: Spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease in T cell receptor mutant mice. Cell 75, 275-282, 1993.
63. Strober W, Kelsall B, Fuss I, Marth T, Ludviksson B, Ehrhardt R, Neurath M: Reciprocal IFN-g and TGF-ß responses regulate the occurrence of mucosal inflammation. Immunology Today 18, 61-64, 1997.