Problemi correnti
Sicurezza del latte in polvere e sua preparazione per il consumo
POWDER MILK SAFETY
Riccardo Davanzo
UO di Neonatologia e TIN, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste
Ottobre 2008 - pagg. 501 -503
Abstract
Powder infant milk is not a sterile product. Scientific literature has reported over 40 cases
of infant infections (sepsis, meningitis and NEC) due to contamination of its formula with
Enterobacter sakazakii. Facing the microbiological hazard of powdered milk, FAO and
WHO recommend to dilute powdered infant milk with water ≥ 70 °C degrees. Current recommendations
of FAO/WHO on preparation and handling of powdered milk are discussed,
calling for the need to better clarify the possible reduced quality of the diluted milk
and the risk of burns.
Parole chiave
Classificazione MeSH
Bibliografia
1. Muytjens HL, Roelofs-Willemse H, Jaspar
GH. Quality of powdered substitutes for breast
milk with regard to members of the family
Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:
743-6.
2. Food an Agriculture Organization. Codex Alimentarius: code of hygienic practice for foods for infants and children. CAC/RCP 21-
1979. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy, 1994.
3. FAO/WHO. Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella in powdered infant formula. Meeting Report. Joint FAO/WHO Technical Meeting on Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella powdered infant formula. Rome, Italy, 2006. FAO/WHO, Microbiological Risk Assessment Series N°10, 2006.
4. WHO/FAO. Safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula. Guidelines. WHO, Geneva, 2006.
5. WHO/FAO. How to prepare formula for bottle-feeding at home. WHO, 2007.
6. Conti Nibali S. Come preparare in casa il latte in polvere. Quaderni acp 2008;15:40.
7. Guidance for health professionals on safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula. Food Standards Agency/ Department of Health, UK, 2007.
8. Preparation and handling of powdered infant formula and special formula. Finnish Food Safety Authority, 2006.
9. Opinion of the scientific panel on biological hazards on a request from the commission related to the microbiological risks in infant formulae and follow-on formulae. The EFSA Journal 2004;113:1-35.
10. Scientific opinion of BIOHAZ Panel on the request from the Commission for review on microbiological risks in infant formulae and follow-on formulae with regard to Enterobacteriaceae as indicators. The EFSA Journal 2007;444:1-14.
11. Osaili TN, Shaker RR, Abu Al-Asan AS, Martin EM. Inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula by gamma irradiation: determination of D10-value. J Food 2007; 72:M85-M88.
12. Gurtler JB, Beuchat LR. Inhibition of growth of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula by the lactoperoxidase system. J Food Prot 2007;70:2104-10.
13. Nair MK, Venkitananarayanan KS. Inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula by monocaprylin. J Food Prot 2004;67:2815-9.
14. Kim KP, Klumpp J, Loessner MJ. Enterobacter sakazakii bacteriophages can prevent bacterial growth in reconstituted infant formula. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;115:195-203.
15. Carletti C, Cattaneo A. Home preparation of powdered infant formula: is it safe? Acta Pediatr 2008;97:1131-2.
16. Forsythe SJ. Enterobacter sakazakii and other bacteria in powdered infant milk formula. Matern Child Nutr 2005;1:44-50.
17. Nazarowec-White M, Farber JM. Thermal resistance of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted dried-infant formula. Lett Appl Microbiol 1997;24:9-13.
18. Kandhai MC, Reij MW, Grognou C, van Schothorst M, Gorris LG, Zwietering MH. Effects of preculturing conditions on lag time and specific growth rate of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted powdered infant formula. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:2721-9.
19. Edelson-Mammel SG, Buchanan RL. Thermal inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in rehydrated infant formula. J Food Prot 2004; 67:60-3.
20. Buchanan R. Resistance-Thermal and Other. Presentation to the US FDA Advisory Committee. 2003. Available at: http:// www. fds.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3939sl _Buchanan_file/frame.htm. Accesso in data 6 Giugno 2008.
21. Iversen C, Forsythe S. Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae from powdered infant formula milk and related products. Food Microbiol 2004;21:771-7.
22. Bowen AB, Braden CR. Invasive Enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1185-9.
23. Caubilla-Barron J, Hurrell E, Tonsend S, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Enterobacter sakazakii strains from an outbreak resulting in fatalities in a neonatal intensive care unit in France. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45: 3979-85.
24. Van Acker J, De Smet F, Muyldermans G, et al. Outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk formula. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39: 293-7.
25. Baker RD. Infant formula safety. Pediatrics 2002;110:833-5.
26. ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Preparation and handling of powdered infant formula: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. JPGN 2004;39:320-2.
2. Food an Agriculture Organization. Codex Alimentarius: code of hygienic practice for foods for infants and children. CAC/RCP 21-
1979. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy, 1994.
3. FAO/WHO. Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella in powdered infant formula. Meeting Report. Joint FAO/WHO Technical Meeting on Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella powdered infant formula. Rome, Italy, 2006. FAO/WHO, Microbiological Risk Assessment Series N°10, 2006.
4. WHO/FAO. Safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula. Guidelines. WHO, Geneva, 2006.
5. WHO/FAO. How to prepare formula for bottle-feeding at home. WHO, 2007.
6. Conti Nibali S. Come preparare in casa il latte in polvere. Quaderni acp 2008;15:40.
7. Guidance for health professionals on safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula. Food Standards Agency/ Department of Health, UK, 2007.
8. Preparation and handling of powdered infant formula and special formula. Finnish Food Safety Authority, 2006.
9. Opinion of the scientific panel on biological hazards on a request from the commission related to the microbiological risks in infant formulae and follow-on formulae. The EFSA Journal 2004;113:1-35.
10. Scientific opinion of BIOHAZ Panel on the request from the Commission for review on microbiological risks in infant formulae and follow-on formulae with regard to Enterobacteriaceae as indicators. The EFSA Journal 2007;444:1-14.
11. Osaili TN, Shaker RR, Abu Al-Asan AS, Martin EM. Inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula by gamma irradiation: determination of D10-value. J Food 2007; 72:M85-M88.
12. Gurtler JB, Beuchat LR. Inhibition of growth of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula by the lactoperoxidase system. J Food Prot 2007;70:2104-10.
13. Nair MK, Venkitananarayanan KS. Inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula by monocaprylin. J Food Prot 2004;67:2815-9.
14. Kim KP, Klumpp J, Loessner MJ. Enterobacter sakazakii bacteriophages can prevent bacterial growth in reconstituted infant formula. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;115:195-203.
15. Carletti C, Cattaneo A. Home preparation of powdered infant formula: is it safe? Acta Pediatr 2008;97:1131-2.
16. Forsythe SJ. Enterobacter sakazakii and other bacteria in powdered infant milk formula. Matern Child Nutr 2005;1:44-50.
17. Nazarowec-White M, Farber JM. Thermal resistance of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted dried-infant formula. Lett Appl Microbiol 1997;24:9-13.
18. Kandhai MC, Reij MW, Grognou C, van Schothorst M, Gorris LG, Zwietering MH. Effects of preculturing conditions on lag time and specific growth rate of Enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted powdered infant formula. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:2721-9.
19. Edelson-Mammel SG, Buchanan RL. Thermal inactivation of Enterobacter sakazakii in rehydrated infant formula. J Food Prot 2004; 67:60-3.
20. Buchanan R. Resistance-Thermal and Other. Presentation to the US FDA Advisory Committee. 2003. Available at: http:// www. fds.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3939sl _Buchanan_file/frame.htm. Accesso in data 6 Giugno 2008.
21. Iversen C, Forsythe S. Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae from powdered infant formula milk and related products. Food Microbiol 2004;21:771-7.
22. Bowen AB, Braden CR. Invasive Enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1185-9.
23. Caubilla-Barron J, Hurrell E, Tonsend S, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Enterobacter sakazakii strains from an outbreak resulting in fatalities in a neonatal intensive care unit in France. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45: 3979-85.
24. Van Acker J, De Smet F, Muyldermans G, et al. Outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk formula. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39: 293-7.
25. Baker RD. Infant formula safety. Pediatrics 2002;110:833-5.
26. ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Preparation and handling of powdered infant formula: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. JPGN 2004;39:320-2.
Corrispondenza: davanzor@burlo.trieste.it